Queen Victoria, Queen of England and Empress of India

Queen Victoria (May 24, 1819–January 22, 1901), was the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the empress of India. She was the longest-ruling monarch of Great  Britain until Queen Elizabeth II surpassed her record and ruled during a time of economic and imperial expansion known as the Victorian Era. Fast Facts: Queen Victoria Known For: Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1837–1901), Empress of India (r. 1876–1901)Born: May 24, 1819 in Kensington Palace, London, EnglandParents: Edward, Duke of Kent and Victoire Maria Louisa of Saxe-CoburgDied: January 22, 1901 in Osborne House, Isle of WightPublished Works: Letters, Leaves From the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, and More LeavesSpouse:  Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (m. Feb. 10, 1840)Children: Alice Maud Mary (1843–1878), Alfred Ernest Albert (1844–1900), Helena Augusta Victoria (1846–1923), Louise Caroline Alberta (1848–1939), Arthur William Patrick Albert (1850–1942), Leopold George Duncan Albert (1853–1884), Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore (1857–1944) Queen Victorias children and grandchildren  married into many royal families of Europe, and some  introduced the hemophilia gene  into those families. She was a member of the house of Hanover, later called the house of Windsor. Early Life Queen Victoria was born Alexandrina Victoria at Kensington Palace, London, England on May 24, 1819. She was the only child of Edward, Duke of Kent (1767–1820), the fourth son of King George III (1738–1820, r. 1760–1820). Her mother was Victoire Maria Louisa of Saxe-Coburg (1786–1861), sister of Prince (later King)  Leopold of the Belgians (1790–1865, r. 1831–1865). Edward had married Victoire when an heir to the throne was needed after the death of Princess Charlotte, who had been married to Prince Leopold.  Edward died in 1820, just before his father did.  Victoire became the guardian of Alexandrina Victoria, as designated in Edwards will. When George IV became king (r. 1821–1830),  his dislike for Victoire helped isolate the mother and daughter from the rest of the court.  Prince Leopold helped his sister and niece financially. Heiress In 1830 and at the age of 11, Victoria became heir-apparent to the British crown on the death of her uncle George IV, at which point the parliament granted her income.  Her uncle William IV (1765–1837, r. 1830–1837) became king. Victoria remained relatively isolated, without any real friends, though she had many servants and teachers and a succession of pet dogs.  A tutor, Louise Lehzen (1784–1817), tried to teach Victoria the kind of discipline that Queen Elizabeth I had displayed. She was tutored in politics by her uncle Leopold. When Victoria turned 18, her uncle King William IV offered her a separate income and household, but Victorias mother refused. Victoria attended a ball in her honor and was greeted by crowds in the streets. Queen When William IV died childless a month later, Victoria became Queen of Great Britain and was crowned June, 20, 1837. Victoria began to exclude her mother from her inner circle. The first crisis of her reign came when rumors circulated that one of her mothers ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora, was pregnant by her mothers adviser, John Conroy.  Lady Flora died of a liver tumor, but opponents at court used the rumors to make the new queen seem less innocent. Queen Victoria tested the limits of her royal powers in May 1839, when the government of Lord Melbourne (William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, 1779–1848), a Whig who had been her mentor and friend, fell. She refused to follow established precedent and dismiss her ladies of the bedchamber so that the Tory government could replace them.  In the bedchamber crisis she had the support of Melbourne.  Her refusal brought back the Whigs and Lord Melbourne until 1841. Marriage Neither Victoria nor her advisers favored the idea of an unmarried queen, despite or because of the example of Elizabeth I (1533–1603, r. 1558–1603).  A husband for Victoria would have to be royal and Protestant, as well as an appropriate age, which narrowed the field. Prince Leopold had been promoting her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819–1861)  for many years. They had first met when both were 17 and had corresponded ever since. When they were 20, he returned to England and Victoria, in love with him, proposed marriage. They were married on Feb. 10, 1840. Victoria had traditional views on the role of wife and mother, and although she was queen and Albert was prince consort, he shared government responsibilities at least equally. They fought often, sometimes with Victoria shouting angrily. Motherhood Their first child, a daughter, was born in November 1840, followed by the Prince of Wales, Edward, in 1841. Three more sons and four more daughters followed.  All nine pregnancies ended with live births and all the children survived to adulthood, an unusual record for that time.  Although Victoria had been nursed by her own mother, she used wet-nurses for her children. Though the family could have lived at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, or the Brighton Pavilion, they worked to create homes more appropriate for a family.  Albert was key in  designing their residences at Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. The family traveled to several places, including Scotland, France and Belgium.  Victoria became especially fond of Scotland and Balmoral. Government Role When Melbournes government failed again in 1841, he helped with the transition to the new government to avoid another embarrassing crisis. Victoria had a more limited role under Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (1788–1850), with Albert taking a lead for the next 20 years of dual monarchy.  Albert guided Victoria to an appearance of political neutrality, though she didnt become any fonder of Peel. Instead, she became involved with establishing charities. European sovereigns visited her at home, and she and Albert visited Germany, including Coburg and Berlin.  She began to feel herself part of a larger network of monarchs.  Albert and Victoria used their relationship to become more active in foreign affairs, which conflicted with the ideas of the foreign minister, Lord Palmerston (Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, 1784–1865).  He didnt appreciate their involvement, and Victoria and Albert often thought his ideas too liberal and aggressive. Albert worked on a plan for a Great Exhibition, with a Crystal Palace in Hyde Park. Public appreciation for this construction completed in 1851 finally led to a warming of the British citizens toward their queens consort. Wars In the mid-1850s, the Crimean War (1853–1856) engrossed Victorias attention; she rewarded Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) for her service in helping protect and heal soldiers. Victorias concern for the wounded and sick led to her founding Royal Victoria Hospital in 1873.  As a result of the war, Victoria grew closer to the French emperor Napoleon III and his empress Eugà ©nie.  Napoleon III (1808–1873) was president of France from 1848–1852, and when he was not reelected, seized power and ruled as an emperor from 1852–1870. The unsuccessful revolt of Indian infantrymen in the army of the East India Company known as the Mutiny of the Sepoys (1857–1858) shocked Victoria. This and subsequent events led to British direct rule over India and Victorias new title as empress of India on May 1, 1876. Family In family matters, Victoria became disappointed with her eldest son, Albert Edward, prince of Wales, heir presumptive. The eldest three children—Victoria, Bertie, and Alice—received better educations than their younger siblings did, as they were most likely to inherit the crown. Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal Victoria werent as close as Victoria was to several of the younger children; the princess was closer to her father.  Albert won his way in marrying the princess to Frederick William, son of the prince and princess of Prussia. The young prince proposed when Princess Victoria was only 14. The queen urged delay in marriage to be sure that the princess was truly in love, and when she assured herself and her parents that she was, the two were formally engaged. Albert had never been named prince consort by parliament. Attempts in 1854 and 1856 to do so failed. Finally in 1857, Victoria conferred the title herself. In 1858, Princess Victoria was married to the Prussian prince.  Victoria and her daughter, known as Vicky, exchanged many letters as Victoria attempted to influence her daughter and son-in-law.   Mourning A series of deaths among Victorias relatives kept her in mourning starting in 1861. First, the king of Prussia died, making Vicky and her husband Frederick crown princess and prince. In March, Victorias mother died and Victoria collapsed, having reconciled with her mother during her marriage.  Several more deaths in the family followed, and then came a scandal with the prince of Wales.  In the middle of negotiating his marriage with Alexandra of Denmark, it was revealed that he was having an affair with an actress. Then Prince Alberts health failed.  He caught a cold and couldnt shake it. Perhaps weakened already by cancer, he developed what may have been typhoid fever and died on Dec. 14, 1861.  His death devastated Victoria; her prolonged mourning lost her much popularity. Death Eventually coming out of seclusion in February 1872, Victoria maintained an active role in government by building many memorials to her late husband. She died on January 22, 1901. Legacy Her reign was marked by waxing and waning popularity, and suspicions that she preferred the Germans a bit too much diminished her popularity. By the time she had assumed the throne, the British monarchy was more figurehead and influence than it was a direct power in the government, and her long reign did little to change that. Queen Victorias influence on British and world affairs, even if often was a figurehead, led to the naming of the Victorian Era for her.  She saw the largest extent of the British empire and the tensions within it.  Her relationship with her son, keeping him from any shared power, probably weakened the royal rule in future generations, and the failure of her daughter and son-in-law in Germany to have time to actualize their liberal ideas probably shifted the balance of European history. The marriage of her daughters into other royal families and the likelihood that her children bore a mutant gene for hemophilia affected the following generations of European history. Sources Baird, Julia. Victoria the Queen: An Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire. New York: Random House, 2016.Hibbert, Christopher. Queen Victoria: A Personal History. New York: Harper-Collins, 2010.Hough, Richard. Victoria and Albert. New York: St. Martins Press, 1996.Rappaport, Helen. Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2003.

Christian Symbolism in Beowulf Essay - 1592 Words

Christian symbolism in Beowulf within the poem Beowulf, the poet utilizes the Christian religion to symbolize the elements of good and evil and Heaven and Hell. Beowulf is the oldest known English epic poem. The manuscripts date back to about 1000 A.D., when two scribes wrote it down for posterity. The poem was handed down from the Anglo-Saxon period, and through the retelling of the poem, it changed a little each time. The poem creates an oral depiction of an epic hero who strived to fight against the forces of evil. There really was a â€Å"historical† Beowulf who helped the Geats and Danes fight off pirates, but he was neither King of the Geats nor Danish hero at any time. In fact, he was not considered a man of any extraordinary qualities,†¦show more content†¦The poet tells about â€Å"The Almighty making of the earth, shaping beautiful plains, marked off by oceans, then proudly setting the sun and moon to glow across the land and light it† (7-10). In the Bible, Genesis 1:1 reads, â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.† Immediately following this passage, it goes on to explain the history of Creation. Included in this description is how God made light and dark, land and ocean, plant and animal, and finally the ultimate creation, man. God gave the gift of free will to all of His children. Beowulf relies on God’s will and his own strength in his three battles. Beowulf’s first battle is against the evil monster, Grendel. â€Å"Beowulf trusts in his own strength as much as in God’s grace in his battle† (Chickering 272). After his first battle, â€Å"A pang of mortality strikes Beowulf as he looks back at the splendid neck-ring he has been given by Hrothgar as part of his reward for victory over Grendel†(Price 25). Beowulf was showing humility because he knows that he is human and could have been killed. The Bible speaks about humility in numerous books. For example, 1 Peter 5:5 says that â€Å"God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble.† Nearing death, Grendel realizes that he â€Å"once the afflicter of men, tormentor of their days—[knew] what it meant to feud with the Almighty God† (Beowulf 490-492). This passage shows GrendelShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Christianism In Beowulf843 Words   |  4 PagesWritten by an anonymous Christian monk circa A.D. 700, Beowulf is considered the mother poem of England. The tale is based in Sweden, as well as the small Danish island of Zealand. The poem follows the title character, Beowulf, in his battles with various monsters. Beowulf comes to the aid of Hrothgar to defeat the monster Grendel that had been terrorizing Herot Hall for twelve years. Beowulf also defeats Grendel’s mother at the bottom of the lake, in what is referred to as the ‘battle hall’. FiftyRead MoreChristian Allegory in Beowulf1027 Words   |  4 PagesThe Anglo-Saxon poem â€Å"Beowulf† takes the reader back into a time long past; one of family, fate, and fealty. Beowulf offers a gli mpse of a society struggling between two different paths, one path being the assimilation into the new Christian traditions and the other is the fast fading past of glorified warriors and family ties. In the poem, the reader can see the attempts of the poet to convey the values and stories of Judeo-Christianity in a society of Anglo-Saxon paganism. The poet illustratesRead MoreChristianity And Paganism In Beowulf1005 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever wanted to have super strength? Have you ever wanted to be a savior? Well, that is every day for one epic hero named Beowulf. Beowulf is an epic poem about good versus evil written by an anonymous Christian monk. 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Propaganda is defined as â€Å"any systematic, widespread dissemination or promotion of particular ideas, doctrines, practices, etc. to further ones cause or to damage an opposing one.† An unethical attempt to persuade people to advance their own goals, motives, and perception towards others so that they can alter the Journey of Beowulf and the positive light he brings upon society against evil. Beowulf contains many Christian references throughoutRead MoreEssay about Beowulf as a Messianic Narrative1027 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf as a messianic narrative has been a subject of great controversy. Given the time period, ‘Christianity’ was not completely established, and it was entwined with cultural paganism, as seen woven throughout the text. The definition of a messianic narrative (containing the ultimate messianic figure) is found in Isaiah 53, a prophecy spoken by God through the Hebrew prophet Isaiah. This is the standard to which Beowulf mu st be compared to determination the nature of the poem. Many scholars suchRead MoreBeowulf Is Not Your Average Viking Warrior1498 Words   |  6 Pagesdealing harm by penetrating your foe make it the ultimate allusion to the male anatomy. However, in this battle between Grendel’s mother and Beowulf, our hero’s sword cannot seem to perform its intended function. This failed display of masculinity by Beowulf is only one of many that suggest that he is not your average Viking warrior. The Beowulf poet in, Beowulf, challenges the idea of a womanizing manly Viking warrior with a protagonist who exhibits displays of gender non-conformity, emasculatingRead MoreBack Before Written History Monster Stories Were Passed1248 Words   |  5 Pageshundreds of thousands of stories where monsters are exhibited throughout history. These monsters are just made up to scare or entertain people, the best kinds of monsters in stories are those that have hidden symbolism. The Epic of Gil gamesh and Beowulf, are two stories where there is heavy symbolism associated with the monsters. Both characters form relationships with the supernatural throughout their journeys. The monsters Gilgamesh faces act as distraction on his spiritual journey, while Beowulf’sRead MoreBeowulf And The Epic s Christian Identity896 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf and the Epic’s Christian Identity Composed in early eighth century by an unknown author the epic poem Beowulf, follows the exploits of the protagonist of the same name. Originally composed orally by a tribe’s scop, the epic of Beowulf delivers insight on the lives and adventures of characters that lived in the sixth century. Although, the tale of Beowulf was formulated during post Roman collapse by presumably pagan people; written around seven hundred A.D., it is probable that a ChristianRead MoreHow Christianity and Paganism Coexisted in Beowulf Essay634 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf is a great example of how Christian beliefs and pagan views could coexists so well in a poem. The poem Beowulf written by an unknown Christian monk around A.D. 700 compares the beliefs of many to the new beliefs that are beginning to form around the world. The poem shows how the people of the time thought about their world and how the things around them happened and they think that the devil controls these things.In Beowulf, we e xplore both Christian and pagan beliefs, and how they were able

Introduction to Human Behavior in Organization Free Essays

string(34) " system was demeaning to workers\." Introduction to Organizational Behavior People have a variety of needs. Irrespective of one’s status, age, and achievements, one would still have some unfulfilled needs. In order to satisfy their unfulfilled needs more effectively, people have learned to organize themselves into groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Human Behavior in Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The process of organizing facilitates an organization in its specialization efforts. It helps the employees to develop specialized skills and enhances the productivity and efficient functioning of the organization. The organizational system consists of social, technical and economic elements which coordinate human and material resources to achieve various organizational objectives. Some of the objectives of an organization may be: †¢ To maximize profits †¢ To produce goods and services of good quality †¢ To compete with other players in the industry †¢ To ensure welfare of its employees †¢ To make efficient use of resources and achieve growth Human behavior in organizations is as complex as the social system itself. People differ from each other in their needs and values, which can be understood better with the help of behavioral science. Behavioral science considers the influence of various elements (social, economic and technical systems) of the complex external environment on people’s behavior. It improves people’s understanding of interpersonal skills and so also their ability to work together as a team to achieve organizational goals effectively. Organizational Behavior Defined Organizational behavior is the system of culture, leadership, communication and group dynamics that determines an organization’s actions. According to Keith Davis, â€Å"it is the study and application of knowledge about how people act within an organization. Key Forces Affecting Organizational Behavior Elements of Organizational Behavior How people behave in an organization under a given situation is the concern of organizational behavior. People join an organization to achieve certain objectives. The efforts of the people are co-ordinate by the structure of authority-responsibility relationships. People use some tec hnology to produce goods and services to achieve their goals. We can call people, structure and technology as the internal organizational elements. These elements interact with the external environment and are influenced by it. The study of organizational behavior, thus, involves four key elements; people, structure, technology and the environment in which the organization operates. 1) People: People make up the internal social system of the organization. That system consists of individuals and groups, and large groups as well as small ones. There are unofficial, informal groups and more official, formal ones. Groups are dynamic. We must remember that organizations exist to serve people, rather than people existing to serve organization. The human organization of today is not the same as it was yesterday, or the day before. In particular, the workforce has become richly diverse, which means that employees bring a wide array of educational backgrounds, talents, and perspectives to their jobs. Managers need to be tuned into these diverse patterns and trends, and to be prepared to adapt to them. 2) Structure: Structure defines the roles and relationships of people in an organization. Different people in the organization are given different roles and they have certain relationships with others. Organization structure leads to division of work so that people can perform their duties to accomplish the organization goals. Under the structure, different duties are to be performed by different people. Some may be managers others may be supervisors, clerks, peons or workers. All are related to each other to accomplish the goals in a co-coordinated manner. The structure relates to authority-responsibility relationships. 3) Technology: Technology provides the resources with which people work and affects the tasks that they perform. They cannot accomplish much with their hands, so they build building, design machines, create work processes, and assemble resources. The technology used has a significant influence on working relationships. The great benefit of technology is that it allows people to do more and better work, but it also restricts people in various ways. It has costs as well as benefits. 4) Environment: All organizations operate within an internal and external environment. A single organization does not exist alone. It is part of a large system that contains many other elements such as government the family, and other organizations. Numerous changes in the environment create demands on organizations. Individual organizations, such as a factory or a school, cannot escape being influenced by this external environment. It influences the attitudes of people, affects working conditions, and provides competition for resources and power. It must be considered in the study of human behavior in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Administration The constituents of an organization are in one way or another affected by the nature of the behavioral quality of life therein and is, therefore, concerned with improving organizational behavior. Managers and supervisors are burdened with the responsibility of harnessing organizational behavior to improve people-organization relationships while the executives must attempt to create an atmosphere in the organization that will motivate employees to work effectively in harmony and in coordination with their co-workers. People find their work pleasurable whenever there’s cooperation, teamwork and understanding among themselves. The effective and successful application of human behavior paves the way for the realization of human, organizational and social objectives. Historical Development of Organizational Behavior Though human relationships have existed since time immemorial, the branch of knowledge dealing with them is relatively recent. Prior to the industrial revolution, people worked in small groups and had simple work relationships. They were, however, subjected to unhealthy working conditions and scarcity of resources, so they hardly had any job satisfaction. During the early stages of the industrial revolution, the conditions of workers showed no signs of improvement. But as increased industrial activity led to greater supply of goods, wages, working conditions, and level of job satisfaction gradually improved. ROBERT OWEN Robert Owen was a Welsh entrepreneur who bought his first factory in 1789, at the age of 18. He is important in the history of OB because he was one of the first industrialists to recognize how that growing factory system was demeaning to workers. You read "Introduction to Human Behavior in Organization" in category "Papers" Repulsed by the harsh practices he saw in factories such as the employment of young children (many under the age of 10 with 13- hour workdays, and miserable working conditions. Owen became a reformer. He chided factory owners for treating their equipment better than their employees He criticized them for buying the best machines but then employing the cheapest labor to run them. Owen argued that money spent on improving labor was one of the best investments that business executives could make . He claimed that showing concern for employees both was profitable for management and would relieve human misery. For his time, Owen was an idealist. What he proposed was a utopian workplace that would reduce the sufferings of the working class. He was more than a hundred years ahead of his time when he argued, in 1852, for regulated hours of work for all, child labor laws, public education, company-furnished meals at work, and business involvement in community projects. The history which has become a past now shows how each management wizard contributed towards welfare of employees, their working conditions and hence eventually increasing the productivity. ANDREW URE Ure provided academic training at Anderson’s College in Glasgow for managers in the early factory system. He published a text in 1835 that dealt mainly with the technical problems of manufacturing in the textile industry, but also dealt with problems of managing. Obviously pro-management, Ure advocated an â€Å"automatic plan† to provide harmony and to keep any individual worker from stopping production. He was a defender of the factory system and believed workers must recognize the benefits of mechanization and not resist its introduction. FREDERICK TAYLOR Probably the most famous management pioneer of all is Frederick W. Taylor (1856–1915), the father of scientific management. Taylor rose from common laborer to chief engineer in six years, and completed a home study course to earn a degree in mechanical engineering in 1883. In trying to overcome soldiering by the workers, Taylor began a scientific study of what workers ought to be able to produce. This study led to the beginnings of scientific management. Taylor used time studies to break tasks down into elementary movements, and designed complementary piece-rate incentive systems. Taylor believed management’s responsibility was in knowing what you want workers to do and then seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way. He developed many new concepts such as functional authority. In other words, Taylor proposed that all authority was based on knowledge, not position. He wrote Shop Management in 1903, became the president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1906, and was a widely traveled lecturer, lecturing at Harvard from 1909 to 1914. In 1911, Taylor published Principles of Scientific Management in 1911. Its contents would become widely accepted by managers worldwide. The book described the theory of scientific management. Scientific management was defined as methods aimed at determining the one best way for a job to be done. During this same period organized labor waged an all-out war on Taylorism resulting in a congressional investigation. In February of 1912, however, the committee reported finding no evidence to support abuses of workers or any need for remedial legislation. Taylor did not neglect the human side of work, as often suggested. He simply emphasized the individual worker not the group. Taylor called for a revolution that would fuse the interests of labor and management into a mutually rewarding whole. ELTON MAYO AND THE HAWTHORNE STUDIES Elton Mayo (1880–1949) joined the Harvard faculty in 1926 as associate professor of industrial research, and two years later was asked to work with Western Electric, as part of the Harvard research group, to continue the Hawthorne studies. Mayo was intrigued by the initial results of the early illumination studies that showed output had increased upon changes in illumination—either brighter or darker—but no one knew why. Mayo believed the increased output came from a change in mental attitude in the group as the workers developed into a social unit. Other experiments included the piecework experiment, the interviewing program, and the bank wiring room experiments. From these experiments the Mayoists concluded that employees have social needs as well as physical needs, and managers need a mix of managerial skills that include human relations skills. Organizational behavior is also heavily influenced by sociology in its study of group behavior, organization structure, diversity, and culture. In addition, the insights of cultural anthropologists contribute to an understanding of organizational culture (the values and customs of a firm). In recent years, several companies have hired anthropologists to help them cultivate the right organizational culture. Organizational behavior also gains insights from political science toward understanding the distribution of power in organizations. Contribution of other Social Sciences Psychology Psychology is the study of individual behavior within the organization. Psychological theories have helped us explain and predict individual behavior. Relationship with Organizational Behavior If one wants to improve the behavior of an individual we have to look into the psychological needs of an individual. So the knowledge of psychology can really help in improving and modifying the behavior of individual. If the psychological needs are fulfilled, it gives satisfaction to people and also give peace of mind, which can improve the ability of an organization. Many of the theories dealing with personality, attitude, learning, motivation, and stress have been applied in Organizational Behavior to understand work-related phenomena such as job satisfaction, commitment, absenteeism, turnover, and worker well-being. Elements of Psychology’s contribution to Organizational Behavior include: Learning This are of contribution became a significant element to Organizational Behavior studies when scientists attempted to identify how people would learn new skills within the workplace and how different learning styles would have to address for employees. Motivation In order to optimize the performance of members within any organization it is necessary to understand the individual characteristics of such members and by attempting to fulfill their individual’s needs creates a pattern in which to bring out the best in their efforts. Personality Psychology’s research in personality contributes to Organizational Behavior ability to assess individual attitudes and tie them to an organization or workgroup. This can certainly be a key to identifying elements related to motivation and other interpersonal dynamics. Attitude Measurement Psychology’s statistical work has provided much input related to Organizational Behavior as it relates to member’s attitudes. How an organization is to manage, reward, and create policy should include the mindsets of its members and align to organizational objectives. Work Stress How a person reacts to his/her environment and perception of that environment is deeply affected by the perspective they hold and how they think. Stress being a potential positive negative aspect of organizations certainly has a role in the study of OB. Job Satisfaction Certain key metrics relating to an organization’s effectiveness include job satisfaction of its members. How an organization provides an environment and opportunity to bring out the best in its employees is certainly its ability to explore the psychology of this work force. Sociology Sociology is defined â€Å"as the study of people in relation to their social environment or culture† (Robbins, Judge, 2007). The impact that sociology has on Organizational Behavior is significant as organizations at their nature are formations that hold both a social environment and culture. Sociologists, studying the structure and function of small groups within a society have contributed greatly to a more complete understanding of behavior within organizations. Taking their cue from Sociologists, scholars in the field of Organizational Behavior have studied the effects of the structure and function of work organization on the behavior of groups, as well as the individuals within those groups. Elements of Sociology’s Contribution to Organizational Behavior include: Communication The means and manner in which an organization’s member’s exchange information and the effectives of such exchange is highly necessary for the effective organization. Sociology’s contribution towards this dynamic of organizations is valuable in order to optimize the process and improve its accuracy. Power As shared with Anthropology, the study of power, its presence, and influence within the organization has within it a substantial role within the organization. In order to best analyze and assess an organization, the role of power and authority and its influences is necessary. Conflict As a natural by-product of any organization, conflict and its study are necessary in order to identify and map the process of improvement within an organization as well as predict potential calamity. The study of conflict and its origins will be necessary to identify the sources and solutions within the organization. Intergroup Behavior With teaming being a critical next step for many organizations, the role of intergroup behavior will have increased necessity. The ability to study the dynamics of a group and their exchanges can better help the Organizational Behavior practitioner in facilitate the formation of groups within the organization for organization benefit. Political Science Help to understand how difference in preferences and interest lead to conflict and power struggle between groups within organization. It is also involves the study of individual and group behavior within a particular political environment. It has made significant contribution in the areas of structuring of conflict allocation of power, politics within the organization and the overall administrative process. Political science has contributed immensely in developing a general theory of human behavior at work. Various disciplines tend to study very specific and narrow aspects of human behavior, resulting in fragmentation of knowledge. Behavioral science must attempt to integrate the concepts and principles from all the disciplines to make a comprehensive study of human behavior. Anthropology Anthropology involves the study of mankind, especially of its origin, development, customs and beliefs. The work of anthropologists has provided insights into the basic differences in values, attitudes and behavior of people from different countries and in different organizations. It helps to understand how culture and belief system develop. Culture is the conventionalized behavior of society which influences a person’s behavior it changes slowly, giving stability and security to society. The culture of every individual has its effects on on-the-job performance. To understand an employee’s behavior, an understanding of the culture in which he lives must have to be established. People’s exposure and contacts in churches, schools, homes, stones, as well as to the other activities they do cause them to develop a set of basic values, which are so engrained in them that they become very difficult to change. They influence his aspirations, attitude towards with his supervisors and co-worker. How to cite Introduction to Human Behavior in Organization, Papers

Human Population Growth and its free essay sample

Pioneer Press writer Chris Niskanen accesses his view on Minnesota’s natural resources on â€Å"Having watched Minnesota’s natural resources decline during my lifetime and watched our financial commitments to fix the problem wither, I’m convinced this amendment is the best chance to maintain what we have and take incremental steps toward improvement. Over the past fifteen years, I’ve traveled many times to every corner of the state and invariably I talk to outdoors people who worry that the ducks, songbirds, prairies, clean lakes and rivers won’t be as abundant for their children.† This man makes a very good point. As a sophomore, I am worried that, in the future, my children might not be able to go to a state park and see massive glaciers, bald eagles, buffalo, or smell the wild flowers. Throughout history mankind has been able to adapt the environment to fit our needs, but very recently we have begun to ask ourselves, â€Å"What happens next?† What will happen when we push past the edge of the cliff and there are not enough resources to sustain our ever-growing population. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Population Growth and its or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We have already begun to see the ugly face of over population in many disturbing ways, such as its effect on global warming and the dwindle of natural resources. According to Oxford American Dictionary, Global warming is described as the increase in the overall temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere due to the Green House Effect caused by increasing levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. Carbon dioxide has always been in our atmosphere, but was kept at a delicate percentage in balance with oxygen, nitrogen, and other chemicals. With the increased burning of fossil fuels caused by population increase, that delicate percentage has increased and caused the Green House Effect. The Green House Effect causes the trapping of inferred radiation in our atmosphere. By keeping that inferred in our atmosphere, the Earth has begun to radically heat, causing our Polar Ice Caps to decrease in size. The Earth is heating and the atmosphere is warmer the annual sn owfall at the Poles has greatly been reduced causing less ice build up on the glacier, and also because there is less ice built up in one Winter in the melting season now lasts longer; the Polar Caps are decreasing in size and breaking off at alarmingly high rates. Three percent of the Earth’s water is fresh water, two percent is in the glaciers, point seven percent is in the lakes, and point three percent lies underground. To me those do not sound like very good percentages with increasing population more and more people will need fresh water for drinking. Drinkable water is not the only resource that is in jeopardy, as the human population increases, so does the amount of polluted water for marine life. Our air, oceans, and soil have long ago reached their delicate tipping point. Pollution affects our wildlife with an increase in the number of endangered and extinct species. â€Å"What’s a few weird animals gone?† some say. The truth is that life is linked, i t’s woven into the very health of our planet. Take, for example, the fact that many fish species and marine life need a very specific water temperature. Increase or decrease that water temperature by a few degrees both way and entire species of plants and animals die out. When a species dies out, it affects the entire food chain. Many people wouldn’t raise an eyebrow until it hits them in the wallet and causes a spike in the price of their favorite fresh fish. There are many possibilities for the future, some disturbing, but some also give me hope. Awareness is the first step. I think the more we educate ourselves, the more we find ways to help our most critical and damaged areas of the containing Earth’s most precious resources. The Green House Effect is nothing new. It’s not a new term when talking about ways to save our planet. As we move forward in advances in education and technology we are committed to search for new and innovative ways to replenish natural resources once taken for granted and stripped from our fragile world. Some day maybe the human race will finally make changes in the way we live today to live life better tomorrow.

6AC001 Advanced Financial reporting The WritePass Journal

6AC001 Advanced Financial reporting 1.0 Introduction 6AC001 Advanced Financial reporting . Perry, J and Nolke, A. (2006). The political economy of International Accounting Standards. Review of International Political Economy. 13 (4), p559-586. Kang, G and Lin, J. (2011). Effects of the Type of Accounting Standards and Motivation on Financial Reporting Decision. Journal of Accounting, Business Management. 18 (2), p84-104. Masson, D. (2008). Advanced Issues in Financial Statement Analysis. Business Credit. 110 (8), p35-35. Wallich, H. (2008). Effect of taxation on investment. Harvard Business Review. 23 (4), p442-450. Alan Robb and Susan Newberry Robb (2007), â€Å"Globalization: Governmental Accounting and International Financial Reporting Standards†. Socio-Economic Review, pp. 12-15   Barry J , and Eva K (2008), â€Å"Wiley IFRS Policies and Procedures†. John Wiley Sons, pp. 41-45 Madsen, P. (2011). How Standardized Is Accounting?. Accounting Review. 86 (5), p1679-1708.

Against Helmet Laws

Against Helmet Laws Aaron SandersAaron RaceEnglish 102Helmets are Head KillersImagine riding along in a car and you see a couple of guys pulling up on motorcycles. It is noticed that one of them has a sticker on his helmet that reads " I wear this helmet against my will" and the other has a shirt on that says "Helmet laws suck", or "I wear a helmet cause I have to not because I want to". To some, they probably think the riders a couple of whiners, that they do not have any real reason for the complaints. After all, motorists all around them are sitting in their cars wearing seatbelts which is required by law and they do not have a T-shirt or bumper sticker saying they do it against their will. A lot of people think helmet laws are a good idea, that they save lives, prevent serious head injuries, and keep health and auto insurance rates down.Valentino Rossi's AGV helmetsThese people think those that complain about the laws are crying over spilled milk, and do not have any real reasons to complain. "Weari ng a helmet can not be that bad".The truth is, most people do not ride motorcycles and are not aware of the dangers, misconceptions, and inconveniences that come with mandatory helmet laws. These people are the cause of the problem the helmet law really is because they are the majority and the majority rules in America. The majority of riders that were interviewed were against any laws that require helmet use with no exceptions. These riders think laws that require a person to wear a helmet are harmful, inconvenient, infringe on basic civil rights, and cause more problems than they solve even if they believe helmets offer more protection and they wear helmets themselves. Riders are...

Network Risk Assestment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Network Risk Assestment - Research Paper Example The network layout of I.T soft requires an expandable and efficient network that will fulfill the requirements of the company. Advanced security features are also required in order to protect the VoIP traffic and preserve network availability. As I.T soft an automated business support network. The network is utilizing latest technology in terms of both hardware and software, however cost considerations cannot be ignored as the company is an SME. The software technology includes the new innovative network that supports the following: As seen in Fig 1.1, there is no protection on the Internet connection that is terminating on the router. The connectivity from the router to the two data switches i.e. switch connecting to the data center and the second switch connecting the access points also have no protection. However, MacAfee EPO is installed on the server and on the workstations as well. The centralized anti- virus works on defined policies and scans workstations, USB drives and downloads from the Internet. In this scenario, if any threat enters the network from the Internet and penetrates in the server hosting Mcafee EPO server, it will certainly corrupt the operating system and consequently, infect the EPO server as well. Identified risks from the Internet are virus and malicious codes. For physically securing the information systems, there are no physical controls currently. As shown in Fig 1.2, there are no physical controls on the data center and everyone can enter without verification and authentication. The sales database and customer database are connected to the switch. Every request from the users is redirected to the router, where the router checks the Access Control List (ACL). In this scenario, the accounts staff has permissions to access these servers. However, all the other users on the network are restricted to access these servers. I.T soft has configured an email server to provide email

Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Paper - Essay Example Other established businesses have sufficient capital for investment and offer substitute products for students who arrive in college late at nights (Bradford, n.p). This is because the students cannot afford taxis to access the other outlets that sell healthy foods at high prices so their only option is to visit the nearby restaurants. Indirect competitors would be those restaurants offering a substitute for our product. Apart from offering pizzas and barbeques, the indirect competitors also provide substitute products such as soft and energy drinks (Bradford, n.p). This is in relation to the use of similar marketing mix that targets the same customer bases. As a result, it is essential to adopt a strategic option that attempts to counter the emerging competition. For instance, in order for our company to attract more clients and beat competition, it is vital to offer healthier foods that do not contain many calories. The market opportunity exposed in the dining industry is that the direct competitors cannot provide healthy foods at cheaper prices and so it is our intention to improve on this service by supplying clean and nutritious foodstuffs at reasonable

MRSA Infection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MRSA Infection - Research Paper Example Antibiotics used to treat ordinary S. aureus infections are rendered useless in case of MRSA. Infection occurring in healthcare settings is called health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) while that occurring in the community, among healthy individuals, is called community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) (mayoclinic.org 1). HA-MRSA infections are generally acquired through invasive procedures or clinical devices such as artificial joints, surgeries, intravenous tubings, and catheters while CA-MRSA generally spreads through skin contact among child care workers, high school wrestlers and people living in crowded areas (mayoclinic.org 1). MRSA infection occurs in various parts of the body and owing to its antibiotic resistance, it is difficult to treat. Mild infections result in boils and sores on the skin. MRSA can also infect lungs, urinary tract, and bloodstream (webmd.com 1). There has been an alarming spread in the incidence of tough MRSA strains and because of its antibiotic resistance, MRSA is also called superbug (webmd.com 1). As per CDC, less than 2% of the US population carries MRSA (mayoclinic.org 3). MRSA was discovered in 1961 and research has shown that, like ordinary strains of S. aureus, it is also carried by many healthy people on their bodies, especially their noses (Matheson et al. 299). MRSA infection is common among those with a weaker immune system and while it is commonly a hospital-acquired the infection, its incidence in people who have not been hospitalized has become recently significant (webmd.com 1).

The Early Years Foundation Stage

The Early Years Foundation Stage A framework was designed and developed and came into action on 13 March 2007 and forced into action by September 2008 and is called as EYFS i.e. Early Years Foundation Stage This framework has revolutionised the learning methods and is a framework for the enhancing learning, care and improving the skills and development of children in all the spheres of life when they are in a age group of 0 to 5 years. The Early Years Foundation Stage Profile was the new name for the Foundation Stage Profile from September 2008 with its content remaining as such. Mainly 6 stages are there in EYFS for Learning and Development. This is equally important and is usually connected to one another. These stages of Learning and Development are collaborated inside the rules listed for EYFS. The various areas where Development and Learning could be enhanced are: Development in personal ,social and emotional spheres Communication Solving and Reasoning capacity of children Understanding the surroundings and grasping knowledge from surroundings. Development enhancing physical strength Development enhancing creative strength Most of the review conducted on the Primary Curriculum and other independent Cambridge Primary Review has highlighted the requirement to re-think and remodel the childrens educational experiences provided in English classrooms for students between the ages group of five and seven. Recently government initiative has provided new experiences. In early primary years education being adult directed and conducted generally in whole-class groups, in a small place for playing and should be self-initiated learning. This is familiar in Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) which controls the education of children from birth to five years. This discontinuous pedagogy has resulted in concerns at levels like national and local levels. This study describes the complete efforts put in by teachers in one English local authority for developing practice in respective classrooms which generally is less formal and more teacher-led and desires more to the requirements and interests children in age group of 0 to 5 years. It explains the reasons for participation of teachers in this project, new difficulties and hurdles faced and the result and understanding for both teachers and children. Discussion PERSONAL, SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Care is taken for the childrens development with a positive attitudes and good behaviour. Individual attention is given to every child with love and care. For listening and talking, children are provided an opportunity. They share their toys and work together on activities. Children should be praise for their success by rewarding their positive behaviour and good manners. Children must be shared with experiences which will develop positive sense that will help them in interacting with surroundings; giving respect to their teachers and parents; social skills; the attitude which will allow them to gain knowledge. Adults should give children opportunities for interaction with others so that children can grasp positive ideas from society they live in. When closed relationships are explored it generally leads to the growth of self-assurance thus it leads to promoting sense of belongingness that helps in children to explore the environment surrounding in them in a more secured way. Children must be encouraged for freely expressing their thoughts and their ideas, their emotions like sadness, frustration, joy and fear and can also develop means of managing new challenges and stressful conditions. COMMUNICATION, LANGUAGE AND LITERACY Every child should talk to each other in small groups for development of extended vocabulary and better communication skills. They go through the books and rhymes through the tapes and books for re enactment of the plays. They use word games, phonics, alphabets and play all around for the written language. Children there mark marking so that they can improve their hand and eye coordination which will help in writing when they grow older. Generally children use the language learnt for sharing and expressing their experiences. Their actions represent their thinking and how they react to events which we called as their language of thinking. Children over the time gather understanding about spoken sounds and they learn how to link different sounds and use gained knowledge writing and reading simple words. Young Child is in company of people whom they love and respect and loving relationships for e.g. family group situation, a person on which they have trust. Generally babies respond differently to every sound easily distinguish different sound patterns. Children use voices for making contact and letting people understand what is needed and what their feelings are. Once children develop skills of speaking their foundations for education is built and using the visual signs and finally preparing for reading and writing. They need to be given opportunities for working with others and exposure to resources for enhancing their knowledge like reading and writing. PROBLEM SOLVING, REASONING AND NUMERACY As we can see parents and teachers shall support the children for developing their understanding in solving Problem, developing a Reasoning and numerical aptitude using this they can easily find, learn and enjoy and understanding their environment. Childrens mathematical development occurs as they find patterns, make connections and remember relationships through searching out and working on counts and number matching and further sorting of accounts by comparing size, shape and measures. This derived skill is used by children to solve problems, ask new questions and make connections across different areas of Learning and Development. While talking about shapes and quantity, children use their knowledge and experience to develop ideas and to solve mathematical and other problems. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD Usually the life of child consists of learning the world that is around an individual. They talk of all things like how different things work and explaining for the reason why a particular thing occurred enjoy cooking and playing with clay. Generally they find all around the experience for natural world with wide range of seasons to hunt mini beasts. Children elaborate further the water, building and sand for construction own world of imagination. Babies and children need opportunities to understand means of life, methods giving correct information developing an attitude which keeps them positive in all condition and have a understanding behaviour for others. Children must be given help so that they can learn how to respect and keep the values of elders and understanding the need to avoid negative attitudes towards others PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Children should be given a very healthy life style including rest, exercise, and eating healthy food. These children shall be given balanced food to encourage them in spending time to outside location daily. Children develop good hygiene practices like washing hands after toilet usage and before meal. Usually good and well being in physical strength allows children to enjoy the positive benefits provided by keeping themselves active and healthy. Babies gain by being active and the development takes place all along the areas thus resulting in gaining in confidence in what they can do and develop a positive sense of well-being. CREATIVE DEVELOPMENT Creative Development means to explore with art and craft activities which include draw, paint, construct, stick as well as print largely. Children are very imaginative and thus can create their own pretending world. They love being chef working in kitchens, or sometimes working at bench for carpenter role. They love music making along with various instruments, rhymes and songs. Creativity develops children to gain experiences from their own explorations of surroundings, and expressing their feelings using different movements or by making things with the help of different materials existing in surroundings. Creativity helps children in exploring many functions for e.g. materials and media for creating new things which come out as a result. Childrens always react to their surroundings i.e. their experiences of watching, listening, experiences gathered using their sense organs and the manner in which they provide experiences is unique and valuable. Children learn in variety of ways and all have different interests so proper planning should be done for every child. Observation must be taken on baby to plan the best possible learning opportunities. For all children learning starts from birth. The EYFS is helpful for practitioners to enable right experience of play for children in development of all set of possibilities. It will enable practitioners to find your childs strengths and areas they want greater help for developing new skills, while for newly born babies this is crucial factor to make one feel comfortable all around it. This can be further aided with key persons role in settings that result in knowing positive relations of child. As per EYFS, the place where a child is cared to get an education for the age till five years, it uses similar principles, and is provided with principled approach for development and learning. These babies at inception stage gains a lot by the way of plays and the practitioners treat them in a way to make them learn the plays at stages for support and development of new skill set. All of the arenas are equivalent in importance with number of activities to cover number of areas to divide each of them in various stages and the practitioners can detect the sources for development and better operational activities performance. METHODOLOGY The methodology was made to identify how children perceive their experiences of a range of early years settings, and to provide information an understanding of the effectiveness and limitations of the EYFS in setting a play-based and participative approach to learning. The qualitative research design was formed around the four EYFS principles and the related themes and commitments2 (DCSF, 2008a, p9): A Unique Child (Child Development, Inclusive Practice, Health and Well Being). Positive Relationship which means respecting teachers and class fellows etc. Enabling Environment (Observation, Assessment, Planning, Support). Learning and Development (Active Learning, Areas of Learning and Development). According to Mosaic approach (Clarke and Moss, 2001) and participatory rural appraisal techniques (OKane, 2000), a verity of participative activities with children were designed to correlate with each of these 4 broad themes and to address the 4 commitments within each one. A sample of 15 case study settings selected from across 4 Local Authorities drawn from 2 government regions in north England. It comprise of 2 childrens centres, 2 reception classes, 3 maintained nursery classes, 2 private nurseries, 1 voluntary sector setting, 1 independent school, one out-of-school setting, 4 childminders and 1 Steiner kindergarten. The sample was selected to include children growing up in urban and rural areas of social advantage and deprivation, and ethnical different communities. Children in both full day-care and sessional care are included. 146 children achieved the aim to represent a vast range of children except in relation to sampling disabled children. Research activities, based on the EYFS themes, were designed to incorporate a different strategy for promoting talk between researchers and children to explore: Unique Child how good early years settings acts to the uniqueness and difference of children. A Positive Relationships how children view the importance of their relationships with close ones and with practitioners. Enabling Environment how children responds early years settings and the extent to which these provide them with good opportunities. Learning and Development It is very important as childrens response and thinking about learning and development in their settings is developed. To gather knowledge about how well early years settings were responding to the uniqueness and difference of children, a 1 to 1 activity was used, to generate a digital picture book called My Best Day, which is based on the childs best day in a setting. Alongside this we collect information about childrens relationship within settings by using an adaptation of a floor based graphical or visual mapping game. To collect information about how children respond the environment of their setting, an adaptation of the Mosaic approach tour devised. Finally, to collect information about childrens experiences of learning and development, we used data of childrens learning, and called as Learning Journeys, which prompts to conversation. Participant experiences were also undertaken with each child or small groups of children. Presentation of data In the seven key scales of Personal, Social Emotional development (PSE) and Communication, Language and Literacy (CLL): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 61.1 percent of girls achieved 6 or more points in every the scales, this compares to 42.8% of boys, a difference of 18.3 % points. This difference has increased since 2008 when it was 17.3 % points. The chart below provides information about the percentage of pupils and their development in each of these 7 key scales. Figure below shows details on EYFS conducted in PSE and CLL scales in the year 2009. 24.7 % of boys are classified as being the lowest achieving 20 % of pupils , this compares to 15.1 % for girls. These percentages have been relatively stable since 2007. Conclusion Most of the study suggests for early years practitioners said that: effective early years practitioners will define the time and relevant activities which are useful in a space in daily routine of life to reflect. This daily schedule will be responsible for the well being of children and they will also gain knowledge. This report aims to present proofs of that combination in various early years settings from childrens views. Thereby, the aim is also to gain insight into childrens perspectives of their own well-being and learning in those cases. Studies have shown that children must be encouraged for freely expressing their thoughts and their ideas, their emotions like sadness, frustration, joy and fear and can also develop means of managing new challenges and stressful conditions. Closed relationships were explored it and its learning led to the growth of self-assurance thus it leads to promoting sense of belongingness that helps in children to explore the environment surrounding in them in a more secured way. Although many of the proofs reported here are set with themes, commitments and guidance in the EYFS, it was also known that there are omissions in the EYFS, in part as a result of emphasis laid on children since the end benefits of a this daily schedule called curriculum generated by adults. The theme of children taking care is one such omission which we have pointed to as evident in childrens clear need to engage with the world around them, to show the know how they have about their surroundings and to maintain a category of types of relationships. The 6 areas of Learning and Development together enhance and improve their skills, experiences and improve their knowledge as this is a important aspect for children during their growth. These are presented as different areas which include remembering that the entire tasks link together for children and none of these shall be compartmentalized. The problem faced by most of the practitioners is to confirm whether the learning of childrens is an output of their individual interests in planning for learning and development takes place.

Steroid Use in Sports :: Papers Steroids Drugs Essays

Steroid Use in Sports Steroid use has become very common in the world of athletics. Steroids are no longer just used by body builders. Steroids are now becoming widely used in all sports such as baseball, football, track and field, and ice hockey. Steroids have become easy for just about anyone to get their hands on them. This has become a serious problem that needs to be taken care of immediately. A steroid is a laboratory-made version of the human hormone testosterone, which is primarily found in males. Steroids are taken by athletes to enhance the growth of muscles. There are however, certain kinds of steroids that do enhance the growth of bones. The use of steroids creates many risks that are often looked over when compared to the benefits. Some of these risks include damaging important body organs such as the liver and kidneys; some of the other risks include shrinkage of testicles in men and they may create bad breakouts of acne. There are also other side effects which result in thicker skin and courser facial hair (Mihoces, 2000) (Conaway, 1998). The problem of steroid use exists everywhere including all ages from young middle school students to forty-year-old men. A Penn State professor states in the USA Today web site that approximately 175,000 teenage girls and 375,000 teenage boys have used steroids at one time or another (Michoces, 2000). This is a serious problem when teenage boys and girls are using steroids. Unless using one specific steroid, all of these teenagers are going to stunt their growth because the most common steroids used completely halt the growth of bones and increase the growth of muscles. Many people take steroids for many different reasons but most of the athletes that take steroids take them for one reason and that is to become better at what they do. Some of the reasons that athletes take steroids are because the competition is so high. In the sport of Major League Baseball for instance, only around seven hundred players participate in a single season. There are approximately 7,100 players that play professional baseball all together, including the minor leagues. The average career in the major leagues only lasts 2.7 years. This is a rather short career and considering the amount of money to be made, every player would like to play as long as he possibly can.

Personal Finance Concepts Investing Essay

According to the finance researchers a portfolio refers to an appropriate collection of investments for an institution or a single individual. An investment portfolio is constructed by financial advisors or a retainer their main task involves investment analysis that are useful; during purchasing of stocks and bonds, and other business assets. . Cliff uses his present finances to determine his future holding and finance position. Cliff financial statement seems to spread in many fields, he invests in fixed assets and even before he could fully exploit his new investment strategy he is already investing in shares and bonds. Basically this is diversification and investing assets such as bonds and shares in such a scenario is exposing a high percentage of ones investment at risk (Grant 2005). Cliff is a risk taker hence he is more likely to invest in income securities and unwarranted investment such as the equities. Hence Cliff will tend to have very low cash holding and shares, in addition he is not expected to hold high levels of securities as savings since his age is allows him to have a long time to invest in most cases age is a great determinate in an individuals saving amount and investment, though Cliff will tend to save for his future plans such as his wedding plans, his marginal propensity to save will still be quite low. Since Cliff is earning an approximate of $340000 he I expected to distribute his earning to his present and future expenses, A great source of cliff’s finances is in terms of bonds and shares which are a good way to invest but the shortcoming with Cliff’s investment is the fact that he did not take a good research before imposing a big sum of his money into the investment, the investment in bonds and shares involve a high percentage of risk and for that reason if they are not carefully researched on they bring high degrees of losses or very little profits. In that light they are not included in the construction of a portfolio, instead the items that can be included in the construction of a portfolio are savings, cash at hand and revenue that is already attained or the degree of risk is not too high. Using Cliff’s example he can spread his earning such 30% of his total earnings is equities, 40% income securities, 20% sundry expenses and 10 % as savings. The assumption is that cliff is a young risk taker hence his securities will tend to be and also his savings and cash. Â  Below is an example of Cliff’s portfolio: References Frasca , R, (2006) – Personal Finances: An Integrated Planning Approach, 7th Ed – Pearson Prentiss Hall Grant, R (2005) – Contemporary Strategy Analysis – Blackwell Publishing Karnani, A (1981) – Business Portfolio: an analytical Approach – Harvard Publishing .

Pet Identification essays

Pet Identification essays Have you ever lost a pet? If you have you know that it is a long drawn out process of telephone calls to the shelter, making photocopies of fliers, and distributing the fliers around town. This may be a problem for you, but think of it on a larger scale, of all of the pets that are lost. Believe it or not, there is a huge problem today with over crowded animal shelters. As a matter of fact, the United States the rate at which lost pets are returned to their owner is only 14%. This creates a huge number of animals that are left unidentified and unclaimed. Because of the mass number of animals, the shelters have had to compensate by euthanising these animals. In fact, more than 26,000 animals where euthanized in Oklahoma City alone last year, and an estimated 20 million in America. If your not careful, your pet could be one of the 26,000 next year. Besides the overwhelming numbers of animals in the shelters due to not spaying or neutering animals, one cause is the inefficiency of the current identification system. The most common forms of identification are tags and tattoos. These methods fail though. First of all, the tags are usually held on by a flimsy aluminum ring and are attached to collars. When the dog escapes the back yard, and is running around the neighborhood it is easy to see that the tags usually fall off or the collars break while they are going through trees or under fences. Tattoos, on the other hand, are more permanent and seem like a logical solution to the plan. Unfortunately they are as inefficient though. Unlike cattle identification where the brand must be located on the back right thigh, there is no specific location where the tattoo must be located on small animals. Plus dogs and cats are much hairier, and when dirty, it is almost impossible to see their skin much less a tattoo, if they even hav e one. Therefore, tattoos are hard to see, hard to read, and even harder to recognize. Using it as a w...

Simple Japanese Phrases

Simple Japanese Phrases   This is a collection of easy Japanese phrases. Speaking Japanese shouldnt be too complicated even for beginners. Try these simple phrases whenever you have a chance. The more you practice, the better you get! The Japanese writings for each phrase are included for your reading and writing practice. If you have any questions, please  email me. For your convenience I have broken the phrases into three sections. Please scroll down to see all sections. Level 1 *  Question Words*  Ã‚  Responding*  Ã‚  Responding in  Agreement Part1*  Ã‚  Responding in  Agreement Part2*  Ã‚  Disagreement Responses*  Ã‚  Refusal*  Ã‚  Request/Command*  Ã‚  Unfavorable Responses*  Ã‚  Praising Appearance*  Ã‚  Praising Characteristics*  Ã‚  Praising Intelligence*  Ã‚  Emergency*  Ã‚  Useful Expressions*  Ã‚  Useful Adjectives*  Ã‚  Basic Verbs*  Ã‚  Useful AdverbsLevel 2 *  Greetings*  Partings*  Asking How*  Various Questions Part 1*  Various Questions Part 2*  Responding in  Agreement Part 1*  Responding in  Agreement Part 2*  Disagreement Responses*  Refusal*  Command*  Command (Dont ~)*  Encouragement*  Surprise*  Happiness*  Anger*  Sadness*  Weather*  Useful Expressions - At the Restaurant*  Useful Expressions - Shopping*  Useful Expressions - At a Party Level 3 *  Greetings*  Various Questions Part 1*  Various Questions Part 2*  Responding in Agreement*  Disagreement Responses*  Refusal*  Permissions*  Command*  Common Expressions for the Unknown*  Exclamatory Expressions*  Expressions of Disappointment*  Asking Permissions*  Happiness*  Anger*  Weather*  Useful Expressions - At the Restaurant*  Useful Expressions - Paying the Bills*  Useful Expressions - At a Party/Celebration*  Useful Expressions - At the Hotel*  Meeting a Famous Japanese Person

Examining a Business Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Examining a Business Failure - Essay Example Two other recruitments to follow were that of Rebecca Mark and Jeff Skilling, both of whom were close accomplices of the CEO, and both of them strong enough to head new business lines of Enron. The CEO’s strong political back-up also helped the cause. While these new executives helped Enron spread its wings internationally into the energy market and energy financing, there was an unhealthy inter-personnel rivalry going on in the organization. The exit of Kinder as President fuelled the rivalry further, after Skilling was promoted as President of Enron. Mergers and acquisitions were a part of life at Enron, and soon the conglomerate, which started as a gas pipeline company, ventured into energy trading, and subsequently launched into new markets such as metals, paper, water and bandwidth. Enron was known as a â€Å"Takeover Tycoon† with a â€Å"Midas-touch†. However, most of these merger and acquisition decisions were taken not professionally, but for personal interests of the top executives who wanted to flex their own muscles within the organization to out power the other. Much to the surprise of the corporate world, the Enron ‘bubble’ burst in the year 2001, and investigations into this matter opened a can of worms, revealing that it was not only the Enron executives, but also the legal advisors, their accounting firm and security brokers were a part of the scandal. Keep a fair distance between political influence and business. Too much of political influence on business could prove hazardous. As for Enron’s case, their proximity to the political system helped them easily garner deregulations and other macro issues in their favor, much to the agony of the workers, pensioners and other stakeholders. Professional service providers such as that of accountants, lawyers, stock brokers, etc. should keep themselves away from ‘personal interests’ gained

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Performance Management - Essay Example Firstly I will be basing my argument on the fact that apart from financial measures ‘Non-financial indicators is likely to be used for identifying best practices within cooperative relationships’ (Patelli and Dossi, 2012). Next the team’s activities will be further related with job satisfaction and motivation as a consequence of 360 degree feedback, supervisor skills and work itself. (Shah et al, 2012) A positive relationship can be found between Job Satisfaction and motivation and Reward and Recognition, Supervision and Work itself. The fact that a healthy supervision was maintained through relative feedback and unbiased opinion through rotation of team leaders will be discussed later in the subsequent paragraphs.(Shah et al, 2012). In our 6 weeks of reading and team activities we have been taken through various stages. Every week was characterised by a unique and essential quality of team work, individual performance, relative moderation all of which sum up to g ive a first-hand experience of the following experiences: relationship between professional work and supervision( through weekly activities), supervisory skills (Through weekly rotation of the role of a leader) and balance between nature of work, reward and recognition and intrinsic motivation towards one’s job ... Performance Management in context of group activities Performance Management is not a one-dimensional activity as seen from the weekly group activities, involving not only supervision, but also assessment, emotional understanding, intellectual brainstorming seen in week 2 and 3 activities of questionnaire on a summary and the debate. In the same way Performance Management relies not just on absolute parameters and outcomes but relative analysis. As shared by one of the subsidiaries, ‘In our company, we pay much attention to information-sharing, and relative performance evaluation is one way to learn from each other’ ( Dossi and Patelli, 2012). Reflective analysis of weekly activities The diverse tasks in the first activity like: reading out a summary, comprehending the same and testing the assimilation and understanding through a rapid fire round of question, followed by subsequent critique by the leader and an open discussion gives an all-round practical exposure to Per formance and Talent Management. My group is composed of 6 participants, all of them being female. Participant A is an Australian local, participant B is another Australian local who already has a job and some work experience. Participant C is an international citizen thirty five year of age and having two children. Participants C, D and E are Chinese full time student. I am participant E. As can be observed form the above assimilation of participants. They have a balanced mix of students and professionals, young and middle aged participants, locals and foreign nationals, college graduates, undergraduates and working professionals. Various stages of Forming Storming, Norming, Confirming and

Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Death Penalty - Essay Example Death penalty has been a controversial issue in the international community. Many nations have been disturbed and argued about the best way it can be handled. This has made generation of questions on how best the capital offenders can be punished in order to have justice for both the offenders and victims of the circumstances. The bill of rights supports the right of individuals to live and associate freely. On the other hand, the same legal provision is also used to condemn capital offenders to death sentence. The religious community questions the legality of the death sentences and at the same time urges citizens to follow the law. It is still ironical when they defend the law breakers. Many countries stress that the justice system must be observed for the victims. Several views have been given on this issue. They are legal, religious, political and socialist perspectives. There are arguments about the pros and cons of execution. Publicized studies have also confirmed that many innocent people have been wrongly executed. On the other hand, the issue of terrorism is a threat to state, especially when the perpetrators are not brought to book. What should be the best action to take? This has brought divergent views. Generally, opinion is divided on the step to take on this issue. Some people insinuate that it will be very expensive on the tax payer’s side if execution is allowed. It costs about between two to five times more to execute a criminal than to maintain a criminal in the prison for the rest of the life (Paternoster and Bacon 91). Those against argue that the financial amount required is pegged on the long court procedures, legal wrangling and many endless appeals. A criminal can be on death row for up to 20 years (Baumgartner, Boydstun and De Boef 47). This is very expensive for the state due to the said legal procedures. Supporters of the death penalty state that it is better to use state resources to penalize the murderers in order to save lives of innocent people. They categorically state that this action creates crime deterrent. Crime would always be on the increase if there is no any stern action taken against these people (Vaughn 98). According to research carried out in P ennsylvania alone, there are ineffective defense attorneys who fail to conduct satisfactory investigations to support their clients. This has lead to conviction of innocent suspects, especially those involved in complicated cases (Hood and Hoyle 105). Many cases are confirmed that some lawyers made mistakes and the judges have made rulings based on their findings. It is also argued that death penalty is barbaric form of punishment. Paternoster and Bacon state that all forms of death penalty are unfair (55). In exemplifying this, the argument states, whether it is through lethal injection, hanging, using the firing squad or electric chair, this state sanctioned murder is not fair before a crowd of people (Paternoster and Bacon 56). For instances, California physicians refused the demand by the government to use lethal injection as a means of execution hence execution was stopped. They claimed that there are many constructive ways in addressing violent crimes and those two wrongs do n ot make a right (Baumgartner, Boydstun and De Boef 78). However, the proponents of death penalty action feel that this is the only way to deter criminals from any further illegal actions. They argue that justice must be served in favour of the victims. Most fundamental legal provision is that punishment should always fit the crime. In addition, justice delayed is justice denied (Morris 70). Those against death penalty sentences say that it is bad because the state should not use killing to show that murder and manslaughter are bad. There should be another appropriate method. Prison alone is effective because life there is quite deterring, as stated by those who are against the death penalty. They quote, ‘

Transformation of a Korean Bank Essay Example for Free

Transformation of a Korean Bank Essay Question 4 The IT related decisions taken by the Kwangju Bank include the downsizing of the information systems and the reengineering of banking processes, headed by the then chairman of the board for the bank. These were impacted by the competition in the global market in that having employed the former information system, the bank was too was weak compete against the foreign banks in the US, Japan and Europe. The bank could not establish its individual business strategies to stand prominently in the global market for the reason that the information system employed. Hence, all these factors led to the important decisions in the area of information technology (Rainer Watson, 2012). Question 5 Risks The OLTP system is the most significant and critical system of a bank due to its direct linkage to the financial interests of the customers. Any trivial issues in the system may critically impinge on the credibility of the bank. For this reason, downsizing the OLTP system of a bank is a pioneering, yet exceedingly risky venture for any bank (Young, 2011). Opportunities * Catch the attention of customers by assisting them in managing their financial interests rather expediently; * Capable of providing banking services whenever and wherever the customers wish for; * Support electronic â€Å"wallets†, automatic teller machines, self-service terminals, home banking, and commercial banking; * Adequately flexible for helping the development of novel products and the making of more effectual banking decisions Question 6 The new system facilitates the customers in getting better service as in quality and timeliness. For instance, the transaction processing speed has been enhanced considerably from four to six seconds to 0.7-2.0 seconds for every transaction. The bank is now capable of serving customers 7 days a week and 24 hours a day, rather than the typical eight hours. Also, customers have a greater number of financial services to select from since development cycles of new product have been considerably trimmed down from months to weeks (Young, 2011). Additionally, having employed the new system, the bank was capable of reducing the operating costs with optimized performance and pursuing novel strategies of business, more effectively. The new open information system imparts enhanced freedom from the domination of vendors and flexibility, and permits more convenient espousal of new technology. Question 7 The programs had been developed in a bit by bit manner without a general outline. As a consequence, it was very costly and difficult to modify or maintain the programs. Moreover, it was very difficult to efficiently develop novel programs responding to the swiftly modifying market environment. Question 8 The vendors supplying the systems based on mainframes attempted to hinder the project for the order of protecting their potential as well as current markets. The superior personnel at the computer center of the Kwangju Bank were mocking regarding the project since they were uncomfortable with the novel technology. Moreover, academicians who were paid for evaluating the project inferred that undertaking involved a great risk because the technology was not adequately mature. Question 9 Yes, the banking process reengineering had to accompany with the development of the new information system. This is because the banking operations were obstructed by its computer vendors and computer systems. The bank was unable to establish its distinctive business approaches since the existing information systems were incapable of supporting them. Conversely, the expenses on information systems were escalating at a greater rate compared to the rate of escalation of the bank’s returns (Rainer Watson, 2012). References ICFAI Center for Management Research. Learning with cases. Retrieved from http://www.icmr.icfai.org/casestudies/learn_case.htm on Jan, 26th, 2012. Rainer, K. Watson, H. (2012). Management information systems moving business forward. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Young Moo Kang. (2011). International Case Study 3: From a dinosaur to a chameleon – Transformation of a Korean Bank. Dong-A University, Korea. Retrieved from http://www.wiley.com/college/turban/0471400750/international/dino.html on Jan, 26th, 2013.

Role of Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Role of Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Bacteria are unicellular micro-organisms that are found everywhere on earth. They are classified under prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are organisms which do not have a membrane bound nucleus unlike eukaryotes which possess a well formed nucleus. Though the bacteria do not possess the nucleus, they have genetic material in their DNA. The bacterial DNA is found in their cytoplasm. Though bacteria can cause diseases, only a small percentage of bacteria do so. The rest of the bacteria are harmless. The pathogenic bacteria are called parasitic bacteria and they thrive on the nutrition of other living matter for their survival. On the other hand, the saprophytic bacteria lead a symbiotic relationship with other living matter and do not cause any harm. Bacteria can be classified under various categories. They can be classified according to shape, nutritional and oxygen requirements, staining characteristics, motility, presence of cell wall and spore formation. Based on the nutritional requirements, they are classified in to: Heterotrophs Autotrophs Heterotrophic bacteria Heterotrophic bacteria grow on organic substances formed by animals and plants. They break down complex organic substances from these sources and derive carbon. Heterotrophic bacteria are divided in to Photosynthetic heterotrophs- These utilize the energy of light Chemotrophic heterotrophs These obtain energy from oxidation reduction reactions. The heterotrophic bacteria secrete enzymes which act on the complex organic substances and derive energy. Most of the heterotrophic bacteria are aerobic organisms and they need oxygen for their survival. Based on their relation with the energy sources they are again divided in to Saprotrophic bacteria- These bacteria derive nutrition from dead tissues. These are the common types of heterotrophs Saprophytic bacteria These bacteria live in close association with another species like plants and both of them get benefited. Most of the saprophytic bacteria live in association with the roots of the plants. The bacteria convert the atmospheric nitrogen in to nitrates which is utilized by the plants which in turn supply carbohydrates to the bacteria for their survival. Parasitic bacteria These bacteria live in close association with another species like plants and animals and derive their energy in expense of them. Heterotrophs exhibit two basic strategies for deriving energy from the organic substrates Fermentation In this process, the organic substrate acts as both electron acceptor and electron donor. There is no requirement of oxygen or other electron acceptor. Fermentation yields lesser energy (58 kcal/mole) Respiration This process requires external electron acceptor. The most common electron acceptor is molecular oxygen. When oxygen is used, the process is called aerobic respiration. If nitrates and sulphates are used, the process is called anaerobic respiration. Respiration yields more energy (686 Kcal/ mole). Most of the carbon in the atmosphere is derived by the process of respiration. 40%-80% of the respiration occurs under the soil. Autotrophs Autotrophic bacteria are organisms whose sole source of nutrition is carbon dioxide. They need only water, inorganic salts and carbon dioxide for growth. They are divided in to Photosynthetic autotrophs These bacteria utilize energy from light and are anaerobic organisms. This common among the two types and are quite diverse. These include cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and purple non-sulfur bacteria. Suphur bacteria utilize hydrogen sulphide whereas others utilize water for nutritional process. Chemosynthetic autotrophs These derive energy from oxidation of inorganic materials like iron, sulphur, ammonia and nitrite. These organisms are anaerobic. These are usually found deep under the water and they are responsible for the food chain under the water. They derive the inorganic substrates from the volcanic vents. Soil biology Plants are terrestrial organisms and they obtain most of their nutrients from the soil. Animals derive energy indirectly from plants and other animals. This requires utilization of many elements such as inorganic compounds from the environment which are converted in to organic substances before they can be used as energy. The cycling of these elements is catalyzed by the bacteria present in the soil. Soil is the upper most layer of earth which varies in depth from a few inches to over twenty feet. The type of the soil depends on the four factors including the parent rock, the climate, the age and the biological factors like plants, bacteria and organic substances. Most of the biological activity occurs at the surface. Most of the organic substances are found in the upper layer or the upper horizon. Majority of the bacteria are found in the upper six to twelve inches of soil. Both autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria are found in the soil. Among the two heterotrophic bacteria are more commonly found in the soil. The heterotrophic bacteria in soil belong to the order Eubacteriales and Actinomycetales. The Actinomycetales are represented by the genera Streptomyces, Nocardia and Micromonospora. These bacteria have an earthy odour. Maximum bacterial growth and activity in the soil are found around the roots of the plants. This region is called rhizosphere. Almost all the ecological interactions occur in this region. These interactions could be favorable, unfavorable, indispensable and sometimes lethal. The most important function of the soil microorganisms is to decompose various kinds of organic matter. As said earlier, cycling of elements is done by bacteria. This is done to make the elements available for reuse. The elements are usually found in the reduced state inside the cell. When they are mineralized, they are in an oxidized state. They serve three functions They form the basic components of the cell They provide energy They act as electron acceptors during oxidation reactions Bacteria are involved in three types of cycles in the cycling of the elements necessary for energy Carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle Sulphur cycle Carbon cycle About 50% of the dry weight of all living organisms is composed of carbon. The ultimate source of this organic carbon is the atmospheric carbon dioxide. Role of heterotrophs Reduce carbon dioxide by photosynthesis Fix carbon dioxide from preformed organic compounds Decompose the dead tissues of animals and plants and release the elements to be used again Role of autotrophs Reduce carbon dioxide by photosynthesis Utilize carbon dioxide from dissolution of carbonates and bicarbonates Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is the most important structural element of all living organisms. Though it is abundant in nature, it cannot be utilized by the plants and animals. The nitrogen cycle is concerned with incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen and organic nitrogen of dead plants and animals on to forms that are usable by higher organisms. Bacteria, both heterotrophs and autotrophs are involved in this cycle. There are five processes of nitrogen cycle: Ammonification The dead animals and plants are decomposed by the heterotrophs which release protein and other nitrogenous substances. These substances are broken down in to amino acids which are split to release ammonia. This release of ammonia from organic nitrogenous substance is called ammonification Nitrification The oxidation of ammonia in to nitrates is called nitrification. This takes place by two steps. The first step called nitrosification results in the formation of nitrites which are toxic to plants. The second step is oxidation in which the toxic nitrite is converted in to the non-toxic nitrates. Nitrate reduction The reversal process of nitrification is called nitrate reduction. The nitrate is converted in to nitrate which in turn is converted in to ammonia. Many organisms can assimilate cellular nitrogen from this ammonia. Denitrification -Certain microorganisms are capable of reducing nitrates in to nitrites and subsequently to gaseous nitrogen. This process is called denitrification. Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen fixation is a process by which the bacteria both autotrophs and heterotrophs fix atmospheric nitrogen. It is symbiotic of it is done by the bacteria living in the plant roots and non-symbiotic if it is done by bacteria independently. Role of heterotrophs in nitrogen cycle Primarily responsible for ammonification Cause nitrate reduction Involved in denitrification Involved in symbiotic nitrogen fixation Role of autotrophs Involved in ammonification under anaerobic conditions. The amine that is formed is oxidized to release ammonia Exclusively involved in nitrification. The family of autotrophs called Nitrobactericeaa is involved in this reaction Cause nitrate reduction Involved in denitrification Involved in non -symbiotic nitrogen fixation Sulphur cycle Sulphur is essential for all living organisms as sulphur containing amino acids are present in all proteins. It occurs in both organic and inorganic combinations. Cycling of sulphur is similar to nitrogen cycle. Transformation between organic and elemental states and between oxidized and reduced state are carried out by bacteria. Role of heterotrophs Heterotrophs in the soil degrade the proteins in the soil and liberate sulphur. Role of autotrophs Autotrophs oxidize various forms sulphur like hydrogen sulphide. The phototrophic autotrophs oxidize hydrogen sulphide in to elemental sulphur. The chemosynthetic autotrophs oxidize sulphur in to sulphates. Sulphate is the most suitable source of sulphur for plants. This sulphate is assimilated and converted in to proteins. Fresh water biology Fresh water is defined as water containing less than 1% of salt. The different fresh water zones include ponds and lakes and streams and rivers. Ponds and lakes Ponds and lakes consists of three zones: Uppermost littoral zone- This zone absorbs direct sunlight and contains algae, snails, insects, crustaceans and fishes. Middle limnetic zone This contains planktons Lower profundal zone- This zone contains heterotrophic bacteria. Very little enter this zone and hence it is very ideal for growth of the heterotrophs decompose the dead organisms by using oxygen through the process of respiration. Streams and rivers These are water bodies which move in one direction. The characters of these water bodies change during their course. There are three parts of these water bodies source, mid stream and mouth. The place where they reach and join another water source including ocean is called the mouth. The source of these water bodies contains high oxygen levels and hence the heterotrophs thrive here very well. Near the mouth, the light penetration and the oxygen content are very less and autotrophic bacteria are found in this region. Both heterotrophs and autotrophs exist and survive in the fresh water bodies. The processes are very similar to those that occur in the soil. In the fresh water bodies, these bacteria take care of the inorganic requirements of the algae which is similar to the plants on the soil. These organisms get in to these water bodies from air, soil, sewage, organic wastes, dead plants and animals. Climatic, geographical and biological conditions bring about great variation in the bacterial population. Rivers and stream show their highest count during rainy season. Dust blowing in to the rivers and streams also contributes to many bacteria. Animals contribute to the bacterial population by bathing and dropping their excreta. Among the various cycling of elements, the nitrogen cycle is most common one occurring in the water bodies. Role of heterotrophs They act on the dead animals and plants and other organic wastes and liberate nitrogen They can cause nitrate reduction resulting in the release of ammonia Role of autotrophs The nitrosomonas and nitrobacter species cause nitrification process Involved in ammonification under anaerobic conditions. The amine that is formed is oxidized to release ammonia