feminaw Portrayal of Men in Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay

The Portrayal of Men in The Awakening            When Kate Chopin builds up the male characters in her novel, The Awakening, she depicts men in a truly frightful light. Generally, her men are possessive, weak and self-serving. She appears to be a play unjustifiable and one-sided in her depiction of men, yet this view is essential for Chopin to express what is on her mind. She utilizes the characters of Mr. Pontellier, Robert, Alcee and a couple of other men to show her perceptions of the white collar class man in the general public of her day. Right off the bat, Mr. Pontellier speaks to Kate Chopin's speculation that in the public eye men externalize ladies. A spouse is a man's property, he takes a gander at his better half as one glances at an important bit of property which has endured some damage(44) and his ownership, he extraordinarily esteemed his assets, mostly in light of the fact that they were his(99). Mr. Pontellier treats Edna like a kid, ordering and belittling her,Send him about his business when he exhausts you,' trained her husband(45) while likewise chastening her he censured his better half with her obliviousness, her ongoing disregard of the children(48). Simultaneously, he necessitates that she assume the job of his wife,Tuesday being Mrs. Pontellier's gathering day..attired in an attractive outfit, she stayed in the drawing-room the whole evening time getting her visitors(100). Chopin additionally utilizes Pontellier to demonstrate that she imagines men as overwhelming, for instance, on page 77 and 78, when Edna won't head inside, Mr. Pontellier joins her outside and holds up until she chooses to go in. Chopin likewise shows Pontellier taking out his annoyance at Edna for going out on Tuesday evening, by grumbling about the cook(108). Next,Alcee Arobin symbo... ... certainty to me, maybe I may support you. I realize I would comprehend, and I let you know there are relatively few who might - very few, my dear(171), I don't need you to accuse yourself, whatever comes(172). Tragically, it is now to late, for when Edna returns and discovers Robert's note, her melancholy can not be contained. After she swims out , she thinks back and thinks maybe Doctor Mandelet would have comprehended on the off chance that she had seen him- - yet it was too late(176). Set forth plainly, Kate Chopin utilizes The Awakening to practice her perceptions of men in her general public. In the present, it is difficult to consider her to be as precise since society has changed extensively. In any case, in regards to the time and setting of her story, Chopin's perspectives are very precise and reasonable, albeit unappealing to the men who read her book, which in the long run made her and The Awakening so disliked.    

Motivation Behind Creative Accounting Accounting Essay Example For Students

Inspiration Driving Creative Accounting Essay Inventive bookkeeping is an example that conceivably being attempted as an outcome from some single consideration more on their ain association and in a roundabout way causes issues begin in moral element of originative bookkeeping. From data position, department hypothesis gives a reasonable picture on originative bookkeeping situation. Whereby executives abuse their advantaged place in pull stringsing financial inclusion in their ain association which providing better data content than investor. Absence of individual achievement or requirement to ship out expand investigation doing single investors do non hold the away from on the result of bookkeeping use give a high chance in the rate of originative bookkeeping. Meaning of originative bookkeeping In the USA, the ideal term of originative bookkeeping is total compensations heading , all things considered in Europe the best term is originative bookkeeping . For the most part, originative bookkeeping is bookkeeping design that falls outside the statute and offer advantage to specific individuals. It tends to be portrayed as an example with an unmistakable reason to disturb the financial inclusion method which influences detailed pay to do it looked ordinary and gives no evident monetary points of interest to significant gatherings like investors. Succinctly, originative bookkeeping is the transmutation of financial bookkeeping figures from what they truly are to what clients want by exploiting the bookkeeping approaches which is allowed by bookkeeping basis. Inspiration for originative bookkeeping There are a few thought processes have been recognized in energizing the conduct of originative bookkeeping in the association. These are demonstrated by grouped looks into being done in the days of old. To start with, the significant motivating force for originative bookkeeping is to depict a reducing in concern pay to bring down the income upgrade paid. Second, to empower the organization s open introduction show up better in future, organization will expand the revealed misfortune to do awful misfortune in that twelvemonth. This is called huge shower representing the plan in smoothing the pay. Third, to gracefully uplifting position on viewpoints, protections rating and reduction on risk for investigators in anticipated capital market minutess and keep up house s open introduction in examiner s standpoint. Different intentions are to make things happen overall gain so as to fit the detailed salary to pick up prognosiss and to redirect going to from negative insight by climbing organization s total compensation figure however change in bookkeeping strategies. Chiefs intentions in pull offing picking up reason to portray a steady developing in net gain non simply to chop down the perceptual experience of inconstancy toward organization s total compensations, yet adjacent to are corresponding to salary estimating. So as to do organization faces less peril and determine more advantage in aspect of raising asset, upset detat orders each piece great as forestall overthrow detat by other organization. Imaginative bookkeeping is expected to keep or advance the part money related worth and make a decent net gain developing. To get advantage from inside discernment, supervisor of the organization indict originative bookkeeping to prorogue the arrival of data to the market. Last yet non least, numerous kinds of authoritative right, obligation and limitations dependent on the whole revealed in the chronicles other than inspire organization to utilize originative bookkeeping. Methods of originative bookkeeping Innovative bookkeeping is effectively applied in six nations. The main nation is regulative flexibleness, whereby modifications in bookkeeping strategy are allowed by bookkeeping law. For outline, IAS grant shipping non-current in addition to can be recouped at either revalued aggregate or deteriorated chronicled cost in addition to rating. Second, starvation of statute by which some bookkeeping mediation may non be to the full controlled as there is barely any necessary requests. The third nation is course has huge degree of examination in discretional nations, for example, premise in terrible obligations stipulation. Fourthly, some minutess can be coordinated as to demo the pined for visual perspective in narratives. For representation, the executive is allowed to take the planning to sell the putting only to increment procuring in the accounts. Fifthly, to make things happen accounting report entireties by using incredible managing. Lazzaro Spallanzani EssayThere are some move can be made by bookkeeping controllers so as to keep originative bookkeeping: Lessening reasonable bookkeeping technique or fix strategy utilized in various status with the goal that run for taking bookkeeping technique can be tight brought down. Organizations ought to other than be reliable in using technique picked by them. A few guidelines ought to be built up to chop down the abuse of supposition. For case, International Accounting Standards before long have about expelled the uncommon point from working total compensation. Furthermore, organizations ought to be steady in utilizing bookkeeping strategy to keep the abuse of feeling. Execution of Substance over signifier can decrease incredible managing and this can do coupled managing go one as entirety. To abridge the utilization of timing of echt managing, point in history ought to be all the time revaluated. The expansion or diminishing in worth ought to be expressed in the history every twelvemonth the reappraisal happens. Global Accounting Standards other than will in general worth point at simply an incentive rather than verifiable expense. Other than change in bookkeeping statutes, moral measures and organization codifications must be sufficiently executed to maintain a strategic distance from people from executing originative bookkeeping. Correlation with other essayist on the article introduced From the review done by Dilip and Eno in Creative Accounting in Bangladesh And Global Perspectives found that the reason for originative bookkeeping is the battles of inclusion among various contribution gatherings. For outline, pull offing investors need to deliver less income upgrade and profits. Financial specialist investors are intrigued to gain more profits and capital increments. Nation s income improvement governments would wish to move up increasingly more income upgrades. Representatives are intrigued to obtain better compensation and higher overall gain parcel. Dilip and Eno other than detailed that originative bookkeeping may begin under 3 distinctive monetary economic situations: Contingent upon the financial market rating of the organization s future possibilities, organization keep up changes its parts to pull speculators to loan to such bits either at standard or at a higher cost than expected. Plan to demo an attractive picture of its financial conditions when the organization whose bits are recorded in a stock trade. In view of hyperbolic total compensations through overestimate of advantages, undervaluation of liabilities and change in frameworks of stock rating that advance the picture of organization in a short clasp, organization holding its segments recorded in the stock trade may announce and deliver high profits. Them two looks at originative bookkeeping in Bangladesh situation, they discovered a significant number of the organization plans distributed in Bangladesh depend on originative bookkeeping. An adroit conclusion concentrate other than done by them and follow demonstrated that in spite of the fact that it is non clear for to what extent, originative bookkeeping has been plainly design in Bangladesh. Inventive bookkeeping non only being polished in Bangladesh however it is by all accounts across the board comprehensively in created states, for example, UK, USA each piece great as Australia. What's more, the occurrence of Enron is the most inexactly known case of originative bookkeeping in USA. Dilip and Eno other than proposed that the codification of expert moralss ought to be simply overemphasized. Bookkeeping guidance is required each piece great as the mindful of instructor to transfuse virtues of solidarity, honestness and genuineness into understudy s character as it is basic to present day society, the worry universe and the bookkeeping calling.

Must-Read July New Releases

Must-Read July New Releases Keep track of all your most anticipated new releases with the New Release Index, available through Book Riot Insiders! Never fear, our contributors are here to topple your July To-Be-Read stacks with their new release recommendations! Whether we’ve read them and can’t wait to see them on the shelves, or we’ve heard tell of their excellence in the book world and have been (not-so) patiently waiting to get our hot little hands on them, these are the new titles we’re watching our libraries and bookstores for this month. What books are you looking forward to in July? Let us know in the comments below! Jaime Herndon The Almost Sisters by Joshilyn Jackson (July 11, Harper Collins): When comic book creator Leia finds herself pregnant after a one-night-stand with Batman at a Comic Con, she knows she needs to tell her family, especially her beloved grandmother, a founding force in a small Southern town. As usual, Jackson gets everything right family dynamics, the intricacies of Southern life, nuances of conflict (especially race and class), and character development. When Leia arrives, she realizes her grandmother is dealing with dementia, and to top it all off, theres a body in the attic. This was a really enjoyable read, and perfect for summer. I loved the characters and wanted Leia to be my BFF. Jamie Canaves What We Lose by Zinzi Clemmons (July 11, Viking): Everything about this novel called to me: the author’s lovely name, the title, the cover that looks like a great art school painting… And then I started reading it and I immediately fell in love with the writing that is almost snips of a life (vignettes) and Thandi as she’s trying to deal with her mother’s death and her place in this world. I rarely take my time with booksI’m an inhalerbut I can’t help but savor this one. Liberty Hardy The Sarah Book by Scott McClanahan (July 11, Tyrant Books): McClanahan (Crapalachia, Hill William) continues his semi-autobiographical stories of life in West Virginia with this latest installment about love. It’s a searing portrait of the breakdown of a marriage and a man driven to self-sabotage, written with raw, powerful emotion that punches your heart. And it’s full of the unnerving, beautiful prose that makes McClanahan one of the greatest writers of his generation. While not always a comfortable read, it’s an honest one, and that makes it great. I hope this book launches him into the well-deserved spotlight. Derek Attig Bannerless by Carrie Vaughn (July 11, Mariner Books): I love a detective story in a speculative setting (a la The City and the City, The Last Policeman, The Dark Side, etc.), so of course I loved Bannerless. It tells the story of a murder investigation in a post-apocalyptic small town, part of a region of what was once America trying desperately to avoid another disaster by enforcing sustainable and responsible ways of life. It’s a small, focused book that offers an engrossing look at how communities might manage themselves to build a future. That speculative vision of self-government makes it especially interesting to think about alongside Malka Older’s Infomocracy (my favorite book of 2016), which makes me even more excited for all of you to read it. Kate Scott Woolly by Ben Mezrich (July 4, Atria): I’ve always been interested in genetic scienceâ€"it’s potential, it’s limits, and the ways in which it can potentially be used for the greater good or for great evil. In Woolly, Ben Mezrich tells the true story of a group of scientists working to sequence the DNA of a woolly mammoth and splice it into the DNA of a modern elephant, thus functionally bringing an extinct species back to life. Is this application of modern science a way of undoing the mistakes of the past or is it playing Dr. Frankenstein with potentially devastating effects? With the rise of technologies like CRISPR that allow us to tinker with the genome like never before, scenarios like de-extinctionâ€"formerly confined to the realm of science fictionâ€"are quickly becoming a reality. I can’t wait to read Mezrich’s take on the science and ethics of the effort to resurrect the woolly mammoth. Priya Sridhar Because You Love to Hate Me: 13 Tales of Villainy by Ameriie  (Author, Editor) (July 11, Bloomsbury USA Childrens): I always like reading revisionist villain tales, and I like seeing experiments with new media to create different stories. It’s also been pointed out that Disney hasn’t made a traditional villain since Mother Gothel from Tangled. Ameriie as an experiment pairs up authors with BookTubers (YouTubers who review books) to tackle revisionist villain tales. I also have a message for those who have left early reviews on Goodreads: people, don’t hate on the BookTubers that were recruited for this anthology. They worked their butt off to get where they are today, and it is just plain rude to discredit someone because they created work that wasn’t fiction. There is no right or wrong way to break into publishing and please do not rain on their parades. Claire Handscombe The Diplomat’s Daughter by Karin Tanabe (July 11, Washington Square Press): I’ve enjoyed all of Karin Tanabe’s novels since we met at her book signing for her very DC début, The List, and became friends. Her books are all really different, and this one is set in World War II and involves a man who will do just about anything to win over the diplomat’s daughter he met while they were both in an internment camp. He doesn’t know that she might still love another man from her past. The Goodreads blurb promises “war, passion, and extraordinary acts of selflessness”. Yes, please. Rebecca Hussey Made for Love by Alissa Nutting (July 4, Ecco): I was shocked, horrified, disturbed, and fascinated by Nutting’s previous novel Tampa, so of course I wanted to read this book the minute I heard about it. Tampa was controversial (female middle-school teacher seducing her students, told in the first person), but it was also beautifully written. I can’t wait to see what she’s done in this new book. Margaret Kingsbury The Witches of New York by Ami McKay (July 11, Harper Perennial): Witches! Séanes! History! And it’s compared to Jonathan Strange and Mr. Norrell, but with a bunch of women characters. That’s all I need to add it to my TBR list. I always need more smart novels featuring witches. Leah Rachel von Essen The Five Daughters of the Moon by Leena Likitalo (July 25, Tor.com): The first in the Waning Moon Duology is inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution and the Romanov sisters. It’s a glittering, moonlit tale about the five sisters who will one day rule the Celestial Empire, a world of snow and shadows, as a revolution is stirred up in the city around them. Tasha Brandstatter House of Spies by Daniel Silva (July 11, Harper): The Gabriel Allon series is one of my all-time favorite spy/thriller series, with fascinating characters, exotic locales, fabulous art, and intelligent writing. I didn’t get very far into the previous book, The Black Widow, because I was way too burned out on politics last summer. But Silva’s still on my auto-buy list and I’m looking forward to digging into the further adventures of Mossads greatest fictional operative. Sophia Khan The Breakdown by B.A. Paris (July 18, St. Martin’s Press): On a stormy drive home from a friend’s dinner party, Cass finds a car parked on the side of the road with a woman inside. In the middle of the isolated woods and anxious to be home, she continues on. Only, the next morning she finds out the woman in the car has turned up dead. In true B.A. Paris form, this was a thrilling read full of twists and turns made more suspenseful by the fact that our narrator can’t even trust her own judgement of the events unfolding. Teresa Preston Policing the Black Man: Arrest, Prosecution, and Imprisonment edited by Angela J. Davis (July 11, Pantheon): This year, I’ve been trying to educate myself more on racism in America and this essay collection looks like a great contribution to my learning. It includes essays by Davis, a professor of law at American University; Bryan Stevenson of the Equal Justice Initiative; and Sherilynn Ifill of the NAACP Legal Defence Fund. Most of the essays focus on how implicit bias and profiling impact policing, but there are also essays on the court system and incarceration. Ilana Masad Goodbye, Vitamin by Rachel Khong (July 11, Henry Holt): It’s been a really good year so far for Henry Holt, and I’m excited to see this publisher releasing Rachel Khong’s debut is a gorgeous, yet irreverent, rumination on family, love, and loss. As the narrator moves home to take care of her ailing father who has Alzheimer’s leaving a recent-breakup and a career behind in San Francisco she thinks she’s reached a new low. But as her father loses his memory, their relationship, both past and present, rises to the surface. As the narrator, in her bored state, tries to dig up dirt on her father, she finds instead things he wrote about her when she was a child. Full of flaws, the narrator is as human as her father, as human as you are me. Tirzah Price The Lake Effect by Erin McCahan (July 11, Dial Books): Erin McCahan has an excellent track record for writing very smart and very funny contemporary stories, which is enough for me to want to pick up this title. The book is about Briggs Henry, a recent high school grad facing high expectations from his family, who spends his summer as the personal assistant to an elderly woman. His summer offers him a new perspective on the definition of success, and causes him to take a second look at his future plans. The pre-publication buzz has been great, but the setting is what makes me eager to get my hands on a copy: a Lake Michigan beach community. Huzzah for summer beach books set on the Great Lakes! Karina Glaser It All Comes Down to This by Karen English (July 7, Clarion Books): Set in 1965, twelve-year-old Sophie is facing a season of change: her sister Lily is leaving for college, her parent’s marriage is on the rocks, and she’s the new black kid in a nearly all-white neighborhood. As Sophie navigates these changes, the Watts riots disrupt the neighborhood and serve as a background of unrest and racial tension throughout the book. A powerful middle grade story about growing up, identity, and finding your place in the world. Michelle Hart A Life of Adventure and Delight by Akhil Sharma (July 11, W. W. Norton Company): Akhil Sharma was awarded the Folio Prize for Fiction and the IMPAC Dublin Award for his autobiographical novel, Family Life, about a family of Indian immigrants who, upon arriving in America, experience great tragedy. As immense as that book felt on an emotional level, it was astonishingly restrained. Sharma’s prose is at once exacting and propulsive, perfect for the short story form. A Life of Adventure and Delight, his first collection, comprises work published before and after Family Life, and is a bleak and comedic look at the sociocultural and sexual mores of contemporary Indian life. In one story, a graduate student new to America becomes addicted to the thrill of hiring prostitutes off the internet. In another, a wife in an arranged marriage wakes up one morning and wonders if she is actually in love with her husband. Perhaps the strongest aspect of the collection is Sharma’s willingness to le t his characters be abhorrent; they are all complicated, not above reproach. Jessica Yang The Savage Dawn by Melissa Grey (July 11, Delacorte Press): Ive been in love with The Girl at Midnight series since book one, and Im super excited for the third book! The series, which you should really read from the start, is set in a world where Avicen, magical people with feather hair live hidden. The hero, Echo, is a scrappy library dweller whos been adopted by the Avicen. When shes caught up in a war between the Avicen and Firedrakes, she discovers shes the key to saving them all. Alison Doherty The Gallery of Unfinished Girls by Lauren Karcz  (July 25, HarperTeen): There are lots of great debut YA authors coming out with books this summer, but I think this is the one I’m most excited about. Teenage Mercedes Moreno has a lot going on. She’s an artist with a serious case of painter’s block, a granddaughter who wants to be with her sick abuela who lives in Puerto Rico, and a girl in love with her best friend, Victoria. All this real life drama, plus a big dose of magical realism? I am here for it. Very excited to get my hands on this book by the end of the month! Trisha Brown Hate to Want You by Alisha Rai (July 25, Avon): In a genre well-known â€" and regularly dismissed â€" for being formulaic, Alisha Rai’s style defies easy categorization. Her romance is both soapy and gritty. Her stories are anchored in genuine conflict and tension, but there’s a wry humor in her dialogue as well. She doesn’t shy away from vulnerability or kinky sex, and sometimes she writes both at the same time. Basically, she does whatever she wants in crafting her stories, and she does it really, really well. Hate to Want You has all of the elements of a Shakespearean drama â€" tragic past, complicated romance, warring families â€" but with a happier ending and a much better cover than I’ve ever seen on Romeo and Juliet. Save Save Save Save Save Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Quotes from Faulkners A Rose for Emily

A Rose for Emily is a short story by Pulitzer Prize-winning author William Faulkner. Its a popular (and controversial) work, and its also often discussed in literature classrooms. Here some key quotes from the story. Quotes from A Rose for Emily Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town, dating from that day in 1894 when Colonel Sartoris, the mayor—he who fathered the edict that no Negro woman should appear on the streets without an apron—remitted her taxes, the dispensation dating from the death of her father on into perpetuity. They rose when she entered—a small, fat woman in black, with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt, leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head. Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her. She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as they moved from one face to another while the visitors stated their errand. We had long thought of them as a tableau, Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door. So when she got to be thirty and was still single, we were not pleased exactly, but vindicated; even with insanity in the family she wouldnt have turned down all of her chances if they had really materialized. We did not say she was crazy then. We believed she had to do that. We remembered all the young men her father had driven away, and we knew that with nothing left, she would have to cling to that which had robbed her, as people will. She carried her head high enough—even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson; as if it had wanted that touch of earthiness to reaffirm her imperviousness. I want the best you have. I dont care what kind. (Emily) When we next saw Miss Emily, she had grown fat and her hair was turning gray. During the next few years it grew grayer and grayer until it attained an even pepper-and-salt iron-gray, when it ceased turning. Up to the day of her death at seventy-four it was still that vigorous iron-gray, like the hair of an active man. Thus she passed from generation to generation—dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse. Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair.

Final Paper Student Profile - 1141 Words

Kimberlyn Boddie Final Project: Student Profile Axia College Years ago, children with autism such as Ryan were educated in segregated institutions or schools where there were limited interaction with children without disabilities. However, in today’s society, children with autism have more opportunities to learn and interact with children who do not have autism, and they benefit greatly from daily exposure to age-appropriate social models. The great thing about interaction of children with autism in the classroom is that children without disabilities also benefit from their experiences with students with ASD, developing a compassion for, and understanding and having an acceptance of children with special needs. Interacting of†¦show more content†¦Ryan is capable of remaining in a general education classroom setting, however; he will need a specialized program to assist with his special needs. Creating an educational plan that would best benefit Ryan’s special needs is to consider the information gathered from observations, structured data collected on Ryan, diagnostic test used to assess strengths and weakness, and special needs Ryan has, as well as an effective intervention plan. Special consideration of Ryan’s educational needs has taken place and we have incorporated a curriculum best suited for Ryan’s needs in the general education curriculum. 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Breaking the Law Free Essays

Nowadays people think rules is not something important in their life and they are not following the rules even they break the rules. For them, they can do whatever they wanted in this world because they think this world is belong to them. Their bad behaviors distract people from having a peaceful life. We will write a custom essay sample on Breaking the Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Addition, violence in this world getting increases and because of that, they cause a lot of trouble in mean time. There three main causes of breaking the rules and law. One of the main causes is selfishness. The selfish behavior exists because of desire. They do what they wanted. They think with their feet and not their mind. Why I am saying like this? This is because they break the traffic light rules. For example, right now is a red light and we are supposes to stop the car wait for the next green light but because of selfish behavior. They break the rules and take their risk to do whatever they wanted. Because of this, it may create a disaster, an accident or perhaps, could kill someone because of this behavior. There is more, they drive in their own way or road. For example, this road is one way road but they turn it into two ways road. The impact of overcoming accident is heavy and it is totally a big disaster. It not only could jam the highway but at the same time, they could kill hundreds of innocent people. â€Å"You intent to go into the right lane and then the traffic light ahead. But the vehicle in front of you has stopped right in front of you. And it’s a yellow box. Such selfish drivers do certainly spoil your day. † (Yap 2010) Second main cause is lack of police and their behavior. In Malaysia, we are lack of policeman and there is a plenty of chances for them to break the rules. I would like to compare with the Singapore and American. In Singapore, their policeman work hard to protect the country and civilians. In American, policeman salary is a big amount of dollars. Because of that, there are a lot of people wanted to be a policeman. But in Malaysia, policeman salary is too low and because of that, policemen do not work hard to protect the country and people. There is another reason, the reason is their behavior. Most of the policemen are lazy to do their work. This is because they need to repeat the same duty every day. But that is not the reason, some of them, they use the power to do bad thing. For example, spot-check on girls by male policeman. They take opportunity to do their pervert stuff on them. Motorcycles are meant to ferry only two people. Although the law is silent, police do not fancy arresting riders who break the law by placing a young rider in the front basket of the motorcycle. † (Yap 2010) Third main cause is deregulation. In Malaysia, people are easy to break the rules because it is too loose. Besides that, governments do not take serious in this matter. In Malay sia, they just wanted to have the power in this country. Once they get it, they do not use the power to take care the country or even protect it. They use the power for their self and they do not even look at their people. The country may be in a good place but the civil do not like the place with a lot of trouble and violations. At the same time, Malaysian government’s promises are not been fulfill. â€Å"According to a report on Thursday by online news portal MalaysiaKini, the MCMC chief operating officer, Mohamed Sharil Tarmizi, confirmed that the commission was behind the site blackout. †It is being blocked because we found that some of the comments on the Web site were insensitive, bordering on incitement. † (Lee 2008) In conclusion, government should take this matter seriously or citizen may lose trust on them and they could not live in a peaceful life. Day by day, crimes getting increase and a lot of trouble going to be exist. Police should do something about it because it is getting worst. They should firm the rules so that people will obey and follow the rules in a right way. At the same time, they must get back the royalty and the trustworthy of citizen. The Malaysia is break into pieces and governments should fix it and get it into shape back before citizen take advantage. However, government brain should be wash and be like Dato’ Mahathir. They way he talks with the citizens love them, and handle the Malaysia is perfect. Perfect enough to make Malaysia in a better way. As result, citizen may have a peaceful and a great time in Malaysia. At the same time, crimes getting decrease and Malaysia live in peace. â€Å"We live peacefully alongside one another, and we are very proud of it. You find Muslims, Christians of all denominations — Catholics, Protestants — we have a lot of Hindus, Buddhists. We also have a lot of people who don’t believe in anything but themselves or anyone but themselves, living harmoniously together. I think that is something the world can learn from. † (Leslie Evans 2003) How to cite Breaking the Law, Papers

Triple Bean Balance Essays - Laboratory Equipment,

Triple Bean Balance TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE The triple beam balance is a rugged, inexpensive weighing instrument. It is named for the three beams which carry weights.A. The middle beam reads only in 100 g increments.B. The far beam reads only in 10 g increments.The weights in each of these must always sit in a notch. They cannot be placed at arbitrary points on the beam.C. The weight on the front beam can be placed to read continuously from 0 to 10 grams. The Triple Beam Balance is a typical mechanical balance.It has a beam which is supported by a fulcrum. On one side is a pan on which the object is placed. On the other side, the beam is split into three parallel beams , each supporting one weight. In measuring the weight of an object, rather than adding additional weights, each of the three weights can be slid along the beam to increase their lever arm.It works just like a tetter-totter. If you have two people of unequal weight, the heavier person sits closer to the fulcrum to decrease their lever arm. Making a WeighingIn measuring the mass of any material ,you must always make............................................. two weighings!If you use a container to hold the material, you must first weigh the empty container. This weight is called the tare of the container. Then you weigh the container with the material in it. The difference between these two weighings is the mass of the material.In weighing an object directly on the pan, you must still make two weighings. The first of these is to weigh the empty pan! This must be set to read 0.00 g. The triple beam balance has a little knob under the pan which you screw in or out to set the empty balance to read exactly 0.00 g.So, in weighing an object directly on the pan, you must first Zero the balance. Only if the balance is properly zeroed, will it weigh the object correctly. The front beam is graduated in one gram units 0-10 (see numbers). Each one gram interval is further divided into 10 spaces or .1 gram. When the weight is carefully placed, its position can be estimated to .01 or .02 g.In reading any graduated scale....You read not only to the smallest graduation mark but estimate between the graduation marks.This is called reading the scale to the proper number of Sig Figs. Science

Geography of the Countries of Africa

Geography of the Countries of Africa The continent of Africa is the worlds second-largest based on land area and population just after Asia. It has a population of around one billion people (as of 2009) and covers 20.4% of the Earths land area. Africa is bordered by the  Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Red Sea and the Suez Canal to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.Africa is known for its biodiversity, varied topography, culture, and varied climate. The continent straddles the equator and encompasses the entire tropical band. Africas northern and southernmost countries also stretch out of the tropics (from 0 ° to 23.5 ° N and S latitude) and into the northern and southern temperate latitudes (latitudes above the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn).As the worlds second-largest continent, Africa is divided into 53 officially recognized countries. The following is a list of Africas countries ordered by land area. For reference, the countrys population and capital cit y have also been included. 1) SudanArea: 967,500 square miles (2,505,813 sq km)Population: 39,154,490Capital: Khartoum2) AlgeriaArea: 919,594 square miles (2,381,740 sq km)Population: 33,333,216Capital: Algiers3) Democratic Republic of the CongoArea: 905,355 square miles (2,344,858 sq km)Population: 63,655,000Capital: Kinshasa4) LibyaArea: 679,362 square miles (1,759,540 sq km)Population: 6,036,914Capital: Tripoli5) ChadArea: 495,755 square miles (1,284,000 sq km)Population: 10,146,000Capital: NDjamena6) NigerArea: 489,191 square miles (1,267,000 sq km)Population: 13,957,000Capital: Niamey7) AngolaArea: 481,353 square miles (1,246,700 sq km)Population: 15,941,000Capital: Luanda8) MaliArea: 478,840 square miles (1,240,192 sq km)Population: 13,518,000Capital: Bamako9) South AfricaArea: 471,455 square miles (1,221,037 sq km)Population: 47,432,000Capital: Pretoria10) EthiopiaArea: 426,372 square miles (1,104,300 sq km)Population: 85,237,338Capital: Addis Ababa11) MauritaniaArea: 396,955 square miles (1,030,700 sq km)Population: 3,069,000Capital: Nouakchott12) EgyptArea: 386,661 square miles (1,001,449 sq km)Population: 80,335,036Capital: Cairo13) TanzaniaArea: 364,900 square miles (945,087 sq km)Population: 37,849,133Capital: Dodoma14) NigeriaArea: 356,668 square miles (923,768 sq km)Population: 154,729,000Capital: Abuja15) NamibiaArea: 318,695 square miles (825,418 sq km)Population: 2,031,000Capital: Windhoek16) MozambiqueArea: 309,495 square miles (801,590 sq km)Population: 20,366,795Capital: Maputo17) ZambiaArea: 290,585 square miles (752,614 sq km)Population: 14,668,000Capital: Lusaka18) SomaliaArea: 246,200 square miles (637,657 sq km)Population: 9,832,017Capital: Mogadishu19) Central African RepublicArea: 240,535 square miles (622,984 sq km)Population: 4,216,666Capital: Bangui20) MadagascarArea: 226,658 square miles (587,041 sq km)Population: 18,606,000Capital: Antananarivo21) BotswanaArea: 224,340 square miles (581,041 sq km)Population: 1,839,833Capital: Gaborone22) KenyaArea: 224,080 square miles (580,367 sq km)Population: 34,707,817Capital: Nairobi23) CameroonArea: 183,569 square miles (475,442 sq km)Population: 17,795,000Capital: Yaoundà ©24) MoroccoArea: 172,414 square miles (446,550 sq km)Population: 33,757,175Capital: Rabat25) ZimbabweArea: 150,872 square miles (390,757 sq km)Population: 13,010,000Capital: Harare 26) Republic of the CongoArea: 132,046 square miles (342,000 sq km)Population: 4,012,809Capital: Brazzaville27) Cà ´te dIvoireArea: 124,502 square miles (322,460 sq km)Population: 17,654,843Capital: Yamoussoukro28) Burkina FasoArea: 105,792 square miles (274,000 sq km)Population: 13,228,000Capital: Ouagadougou29) GabonArea: 103,347 square miles (267,668 sq km)Population, 1,387,000Capital: Libreville30) GuineaArea: 94,925 square miles (245,857 sq km)Population: 9,402,000Capital: Conakry31)  GhanaArea: 92,098 square miles (238,534 sq km)Population: 23,000,000Capital: Accra32) UgandaArea: 91,135 square miles (236,040 sq km)Population: 27,616,000Capital: Kampala33) SenegalArea: 75,955 square miles (196,723 sq km)Population: 11,658,000Capital: Dakar34) TunisiaArea: 63,170 square miles (163,610 sq km)Population: 10,102,000Capital: Tunis35) MalawiArea: 45,746 square miles (118,484 sq km)Population: 12,884,000Capital: Lilongwe36) EritreaArea: 45,405 square miles (117,600 sq km)Population: 4,401,000Capital: Asmara37) BeninArea: 43,484 square miles (112,622 sq km)Population: 8,439,000Capital: Porto Novo38) LiberiaArea: 43,000 square miles (111,369 sq km)Population: 3,283,000Capital: Monrovia39) Sierra LeoneArea: 27,699 square miles (71,740 sq km)Population: 6,144,562Capital: Freetown40) TogoArea: 21,925 square miles (56,785 sq km)Population: 6,100,000Capital: Lomà ©41) Guinea-BissauArea: 13,948 square miles (36,125 sq km)Population: 1,586,000Capital: Bissau42) LesothoArea: 11,720 square miles (30,355 sq km)Population: 1,795,000Capital: Maseru43) Equatorial GuineaArea: 10,830 square miles (28,051 sq km)Population: 504,000Capital: Malabo44) BurundiArea: 10,745 square miles (27,830 sq km)Population: 7,548,000Capital: Gitega (changed from Bujumbura in December 2018)45) RwandaArea: 10,346 square miles (26,798 sq km)Population: 7,600,000Capital: Kigali46) DjiboutiArea: 8,957 square miles (23,200 sq km)Population: 496,374Capital: Djibouti47) SwazilandArea: 6,704 square mile s (17,364 sq km)Population: 1,032,000Capital: Lobamba and Mbabane48) GambiaArea: 4,007 square miles (10,380 sq km)Population: 1,517,000Capital: Banjul49) Cape VerdeArea: 1,557 square miles (4,033 sq km)Population: 420,979Capital: Praia50) ComorosArea: 863 square miles (2,235 sq km)Population: 798,000Capital: Moroni51) MauritiusArea: 787 square miles (2,040 sq km)Population: 1,219,220Capital: Port Louis52) So Tomà © and Prà ­ncipeArea: 380 square miles (984 sq km)Population: 157,000Capital: So Tomà ©53) SeychellesArea: 175 square miles (455 sq km)Population: 88,340Capital: Victoria References Wikipedia. (2010, June 8).  Africa- Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Wikipedia. (2010, June 12).  List of African Countries and Territories- Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_and_territories

Eastern North American Neolithic

Eastern North American Neolithic Archaeological evidence shows that eastern North America (often abbreviated ENA) was a separate place of origin for the invention of agriculture. The earliest evidence of low-level food production in ENA begins between about 4000 and 3500 years ago, during the period known as the Late Archaic. People entering the Americas brought with them two domesticates: the dog and the bottle gourd. Domestication of new plants in ENA began with the squash Cucurbita pepo ssp. ovifera, domesticated ~4000 years ago by Archaic hunter-gatherer-fishers, probably for its use (like the bottle gourd) as a container and fishnet float. Seeds of this squash are edible, but the rind is quite bitter. Read more about Cucurbita pepoRead more about the American Archaic Food Crops in Eastern North America The first food crops domesticated by the Archaic hunter-gatherers were oily and starchy seeds, most of which are considered weeds today. Iva annua (known as marshelder or sumpweed) and Helianthus annuus (sunflower) were domesticated in ENA by about 3500 years ago, for their oil-rich seeds. Read more about sunflower domestication Chenopodium berlandieri (chenopod or goosefoot) is reckoned to have been domesticated in Eastern North America by ~3000 BP, based on its thinner seed coats. By 2000 years ago, Polygonum erectum (knotweed), Phalaris caroliniana (maygrass), and Hordeum pusillum (little barley), Amaranthus hypochondriacus (pigweed or amaranth) and perhaps Ambrosia trifida (giant ragweed), were likely cultivated by Archaic hunter-gatherers; but scholars are somewhat divided as to whether they were domesticated or not. Wild rice (Zizania palustris) and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) were exploited but apparently not domsticated prehistorically. Read more about chenopodium Cultivating Seed Plants Archaeologists believe that seed plants may have been cultivated by collecting the seeds and using the maslin technique, that is to say, by storing the seeds and mixing them together before broadcasting them onto a suitable patch of ground, such as a floodplain terrace. Maygrass and little barley ripen in spring; chenopodium and knotweed ripen in fall. By mixing these seeds together and sprinkling them on fertile ground, the farmer would have a patch where seeds could reliably be harvested for three seasons. The domestication would have occurred when the cultivators began selecting the chenopodium seeds with the thinnest seed covers to save and replant. By the Middle Woodland period, domesticated crops such as maize (Zea mays) (~800-900 AD) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (~1200 AD) arrived in ENA from their central American homelands  and were integrated into what archaeologists have termed the Eastern Agricultural Complex. These crops would have been planted in large separate fields or intercropped, as part of the three sisters or mixed cropping agricultural technique. Read more about maizeRead more about the Three SistersRead more about the ​Eastern Agricultural Complex Important ENA Archaeological Sites Kentucky: Newt Kash, Cloudsplitter, Salts CaveAlabama: Russell CaveIllinois: Riverton, American Bottom sitesMissouri: Gypsy JointOhio: Ash CaveArkansas: Edens Bluff, Whitney Bluff, Holman ShelterMississippi: Natchez Sources Fritz GJ. 1984. Identification of Cultigen Amaranth and Chenopod from Rockshelter Sites in Northwest Arkansas. American Antiquity 49(3):558-572. Fritz, Gayle J. Multiple pathways to farming in precontact eastern North America. Journal of World Prehistory, Volume 4, Issue 4, December 1990. Gremillion KJ. 2004. Seed Processing and the Origins of Food Production in Eastern North America. American Antiquity 69(2):215-234. Pickersgill B. 2007. Domestication of Plants in the Americas: Insights from Mendelian and Molecular Genetics. Annals of Botany 100(5):925-940. Open Access. Price TD. 2009. Ancient farming in eastern North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(16):6427-6428. Scarry, C. Margaret. Crop Husbandry Practices in North America’s Eastern Woodlands. Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology, SpringerLink. Smith BD. 2007. Niche construction and the behavioral context of plant and animal domestication. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 16(5):188-199. Smith BD, and Yarnell RA. 2009. Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North America at 3800 B.P. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(16):561–6566.

The Impact of social Networking on Customer Loyalty Thesis

The Impact of social Networking on Customer Loyalty - Thesis Example This essay stresses that Facebook is one of the widely use social networking websites around the world. The number of users of social media is increasing with the passage of time however youngsters are more inclined towards using of social media than people of other ages. Moreover most of the people are logging their accounts on a daily basis and thus, it has encouraged businesses to use social media to convey their marketing messages as well. Social media websites are used for different purposes, one of them is that people do research and gather information about the products and services. Social Networking Sites are a very important part of Web 2.0. SNSs have become a powerful force in shaping public opinions on virtually every aspect of commerce. SNS imply word-of-mouth marketing, and have an increasing influence on customers’ purchase decisions and in turn affects customer loyalty. The study of this topic has been really interesting due to the image that the social media portray in the society. Although there was not so much time and mean I managed to have convenient samples for a small case study, which is thus a hindrance to generalize the result of the finding. However convenient sample could provide springboard for further research. The work could have been easier if only the questionnaire has been done based on the theory chapter. Due to some misunderstanding some theories were not letter consider as to be one hence some theories has to be included latter. So the challenge was to make sure that the new.

Landscape and map Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Landscape and map - Essay Example It does not display all the details of objects on the ground, it only shows and outlines of such objects. They both give information of a particular area (Meinig 33-48). A landscape and map are similar in that they display a representation, or rather they are both presented on a piece of paper or board, they are both visual representation (Berger 7-11). They are used to summarize information for easy and quick reference. Moreover, maps and the landscapes might be used by planners to plan specific areas properly. Maps and landscapes are different in that the maps are used and made for different purposes unlike the landscape which their purpose is to represent visible features of an area or land (Kaplan & White 69). A map generally displays only those geographies required for a specific location. Additionally, maps show much information unlike the landscape that shows only the details of the restricted area. Travellers use maps to find their way whereas a landscape gives the travellers the overview on an area. Maps can calculate the distance from one place to another while as the landscapes only shows the general view. Maps are used to locate places on the earth surface. Maps also can be used to compare the sizes and the shapes of different lands and water masses. The maps provide detailed information about an area while as a landscape just hints on the background (Tyner 6). However, a landscape helps improve the aesthetic appearance of the field by planting shrubs or trees, changing the land s contours or adding ornamental features. A landscape process can be defined as a process that occurs in a spatial domain (p. 69). The landscape process is primarily propagated across the land surface. It not only serves to structure but also, it is influenced by the spatial structure of the ecosystems; and whose impact on the spatial pattern is dependent to a degree upon the landscape structure is either greater or lesser (Kaplan & White

Louis Armstrong Essay -- Jazz Player Music Musician Biography Essays

Louis Armstrong Heroes are needed in the world to give people something to look up to, someone to be like. Louis Armstrong over came such adversities as poverty, a lack of good education, and racism to become one of the greatest jazz player not just of the 1920s but of the 20th century. Armstrong was one of the creators of Jazz and was one of the most popular entertainers from the 1920s. Starting out at a young age he never knew that one day he would be such a popular jazz player and also not knowing that one day he might even be called a hero. Armstrong was born on July 4, 1900 in the Storyville section of New Orleans. At the age of 12 his life changed. When he was parting for New Years Eve, he shot a gun into the air. He was soon arrested and taken to a center for juvenile offenders. He hated being there, but loved going to see the band at the center play everyday. When he got the chance to go play in the band, he quickly did. He first started out playing the Alto Horn then moved to the drums and finally ending up with the trumpet. Two years later at the age of fourteen he was released from the center. He went out and got jobs to help get him to be able to afford an instrument. His jobs included, selling papers, unloading boats, and selling coal from a cart. On his off times he would go around to clubs like the Funky Butt Hall to listen to bands play. A jazz musician named King Oliver saw him and was impressed at his attendance at so many of the local clubs that he inquired of him as to if he wanted to learn to play the cornet. Armstrong said yes. He picked it up very quickly and soon was playing in bands for people that were absent. This soon lead to him starting his own band. This was all at the age of seventeen. Armstrong played with his band, known as Louis Armstrong Hot 5 or Hot 7, for two years and then King Oliver went to Chicago. Armstrong took a spot in Kid Ory’s orchestra one of the biggest known bands in the town. He played on the riverboats on the Mississippi River and got better at playing. All this without even knowing how to read music. While on the riverboat he was taught to read music which would help him out greatly later, when he became a band conductor. In 1922 he was called to Chicago by King Oliver. After arriving he made a change t... ... modern classical music. Contemporary classical composers like Darius Milhaud and Igor Stravinsky emulated much of Armstrong's work. In addition, Armstrong left his mark on other aspects of American culture as his fascinating personality truly influenced a nation. Armstrong's legacy can be traced into "dance, theater, the visual arts, fashion, poetry, and literature." Nobody has done more for jazz than Louis Armstrong. His contributions, influence, and legacy are immeasurable. Louis Armstrong truly is the jazz legend. As fellow trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie points out, "If it weren't for him, there wouldn't be any of us." When there is someone who beats all the odds to come out on top and shows you that you can do anything if you really want to. You probably will call them a hero. Hero doesn’t just mean saving lives and helping people that are in danger of dying, it can also be someone who makes you believe that you can do anything that you can imagine. Louie Armstrong helped lots of black people know that just because of their color, it didn’t mean that they couldn’t be one of the most famous people in the world.

Educational Problems in Egypt Essay

Egypt has the most significant educational system in the (MENA); Middle East and North Africa according to the Human Development Index (HDI). Although the educational system had been developing hastily since the beginning of the 1990s, Egypt had been continuously facing serious and accumulated problems in education. An exploding population, an increasing poverty, low literacy rates, drastic injustice in schools qualities; schools in urban areas where the rich can pay for education are better than other schools in different areas, Low teaching salaries and inconsistent funding for the educational system by the government, all led to a decreasing educational quality mainly in the most essential and indispensable part of the educational system which is basic education, also it led many teachers to the road of private tutoring for extra income. Moreover, memorization rather than critical thinking was unwillingly encouraged through physical punishment in schools and homes. For countless Egyptian children fragmented information was the result and that was never considered real knowledge. Yet again as a product of these causes, more and more escalating numbers of graduates are found unemployed. Egypt will continue to face an educational crisis, as lack of well trained teachers, effective schools and developed educational equipment unless a much better financial commitment is made by the government. This essay will first demonstrate the main causes of the educational problem, examine the effects of these problems on the society, discuss and analyze the previously proposed solutions and finally enlighten a solution that will most likely work in our Egyptian society.

Ted Baker Plc Is A London Listed Retail Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1368 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Ted Baker Plc is a London listed retail company. The company is headquartered in London and has operations in other European counties as well as US, Asia, Middle East and China. The company had gross revenue of pound;215.625million, a 15% jump from the year before. However, the profits for the year remained significantly unchanged at pound;17557, a 1.6% rise from the previous year. 85% of the total company revenue came from United Kingdom and the greater Europe with the rest coming from the US (12.9%) and Hong Kong (2.1%). By virtue of the companys overseas holdings, it is exposed to a number of risks. These include strategic, financial, operational and political risks. According to the firms latest annual report for the year ended 28 January 2012, the risks pose a significant threat to its performance and can inflict material changes to financial statements in the year of their occurrence. Most importantly, the firm has to measure the probability of their occu rrence and mitigate against their effect on its bottom line. Country risks As mentioned, Ted Baker operated in a number of countries. Each of these countries posses specific country risks to the firm. To begin with, the firm faces a number of country specific risks such as blockage in transfer of funds as well as cultural and institutional crash of norms. For instance, Ted Bakers Chinese operation faces a number of transfer restrictions from the country. That means that the company might have trouble in repatriating profits realized from there. To mitigate against this risk, the company has set up operations in Hong Kong, a relatively secure destination with minimal restriction on the transfer of capital and profits in and out of the country (Ted Baker Inc., 2012). Operations in a foreign country must observe the rules and regulations relating to ownership of business. In most of Ted Bakers operating countries, 100% ownership is not permissible. Therefore, local residents h ave to be included as strategic partners in the organisation to facilitate licensing by authorities. This dilution in ownership leads to weak control of organisational strategy. To mitigate against these risks, the company assesses its entry strategy n a case-by-case basis to ensure that the local investors in the target market add value to the management team. In most cases, the company acquires already established companies with their entire supply chain intact and retains some minority shareholding to ensure that it maintains the needed legal and regulatory threshold. Another country-specific risk that the company faces relates to human resource norms in the foreign operations. Since it is a UK company, it is used to having employees with flexible work schedule. However, the Middle Eastern workers have the right to take extended break during working hours to observe their religious rituals. In the same way, American workers have very strong labor unions that have very strong a bility to bargain for higher wages through industrial action. These factors pose enormous risks to the company and can result in material losses in those markets. Ted Baker also faces the risk of protectionism in its key markets. This is particularly so in the United States in the wake of the financial crises. USA is keen to protect its local industry and has therefore increased its non-tariff barriers for goods manufactured elsewhere. This increases the cost of doing business and erodes the businesss competitiveness in the American market. Ted Baker also faces risks relating to nepotism and corruption in its operating markets. In the Middle East for instance, executives hire employees based on kinship and other affiliations as opposed to merit. This makes it hard for the organization to attract and retain the best talent as hiring is best on referrals and not merit. It also opens up avenues for conflict of interest and outright corruption by the executives. Given that these e xecutives are part owners of the company as mandated by law, the company has no choice but to retain them. Most importantly, Ted Baker faces the risk of loss of intellectual property from its operating markets. This is especially true given that most countries require a mandatory percentage of local ownership in order to pass on expertise to them. In Hong Kong for instance, intellectual property rights are rarely enforced. Locals can steal proprietary design information and use it to make their own products. This poses enormous risk for the company. Country risk is higher in cases of long-term investment that are not made through a regulated market. Given the nature of entry the Ted baker uses in establishing its operations (mostly mergers and acquisitions), and the long-term nature of its investments, the company is exposed to high levels of risk. Worse still, most of the country risk elements that the company faces cannot be hedged effectively. This means extreme loss in the event of such risk crystallizing (Ted Baker Inc., 2012). Political risk Political stability is crucial to a firms sustained growth and profitability. Political instability in the Middle East poses a major problem for the firm. Following the Arab spring in the last few years, the firm experienced disruptions in supply chains in the region. This led to high operational costs and outright losses in cases of shutdowns (Ted Baker Inc., 2012). Ted baker assesses political risk at two levels: Macro and Micro. At the macro level, the firms management assesses the host countrys attitudes towards foreign investors and political stability. If the country is hostile to foreign investors and has a degree of political instability as indicated by civil strife or other indications, the market is considered unsafe and not worth investing in. Only countries that have relative political stability and that are friendly to international investors are considered targets for investments. At t he micro level, Ted Baker assesses whether its activities can conflict with the target countries existing regulations. However, this is not sufficient in the face of a changing political landscape as is the case in most of its operating markets. The management anticipates the likely effect of changes in the political landscape on the operations of the firm. In all the markets that the company has operations, the firm has minimal political risk at the micro level. This is because of its effective corporate governance structure that guides its operations (Ted Baker Inc., 2012). As detailed in its final report, Ted Baker relies heavily on effective corporate governance to stave off most of micro level risks. The principles of corporate governance guide its operations in all markets and this minimizes the chances of going against the rules and regulations. in particular, the company observes all rules of accountability (appropriate board size, transparent ownership, ownership neutral ity and defined board accountability), disclosure and transparency (broad, accurate and timely disclosure using proper accounting standards), independence (independent audits, dispersed ownership, independent oversight, independent directors) and shareholder equity (one vote per share) (Ted Baker Inc., 2012). Ted Baker has an insurance policy against political risks. Under the policy agreement, the company can claim compensation for occurrences such as inconvertibility, expropriation and loss of income from political violence. This is the most effective hedge against these risks. Ted Baker is also exposed to currency and exchange rate risk. This mainly occurs on purchases denominated in USD and Euros. The group also publishes its final accounts in sterling pound and it therefore incurs some losses in translation. To mitigate against these effects, the company used financial instruments (hedging) (Ted Baker Inc., 2012). Conclusion Ted Baker Plc has operations UK, France and other European counties, USA, Asia, Middle East and China. Most of the companys profit is derived from United Kingdom and the greater Europe with the rest coming from the US (12.9%) and Hong Kong (2.1%). Due to its international operations, the firm faces a number of risks both country specific and firm specific. These include transfer risks as well as cultural and institutional risks. The company has insured itself against most of the country specific risks. It leverages on strong corporate governance structures to avoid micro risks. Ted Bakers exposure to currency and exchange rate risk due to transactions done in different currencies as well as and translation of financial data to sterling pounds results in losses for the firm. To mitigate against these effects, the company uses financial instruments to hedge e its exposure. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ted Baker Plc Is A London Listed Retail Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Queen Victoria, Queen of England and Empress of India

Queen Victoria (May 24, 1819–January 22, 1901), was the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the empress of India. She was the longest-ruling monarch of Great  Britain until Queen Elizabeth II surpassed her record and ruled during a time of economic and imperial expansion known as the Victorian Era. Fast Facts: Queen Victoria Known For: Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1837–1901), Empress of India (r. 1876–1901)Born: May 24, 1819 in Kensington Palace, London, EnglandParents: Edward, Duke of Kent and Victoire Maria Louisa of Saxe-CoburgDied: January 22, 1901 in Osborne House, Isle of WightPublished Works: Letters, Leaves From the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, and More LeavesSpouse:  Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (m. Feb. 10, 1840)Children: Alice Maud Mary (1843–1878), Alfred Ernest Albert (1844–1900), Helena Augusta Victoria (1846–1923), Louise Caroline Alberta (1848–1939), Arthur William Patrick Albert (1850–1942), Leopold George Duncan Albert (1853–1884), Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore (1857–1944) Queen Victorias children and grandchildren  married into many royal families of Europe, and some  introduced the hemophilia gene  into those families. She was a member of the house of Hanover, later called the house of Windsor. Early Life Queen Victoria was born Alexandrina Victoria at Kensington Palace, London, England on May 24, 1819. She was the only child of Edward, Duke of Kent (1767–1820), the fourth son of King George III (1738–1820, r. 1760–1820). Her mother was Victoire Maria Louisa of Saxe-Coburg (1786–1861), sister of Prince (later King)  Leopold of the Belgians (1790–1865, r. 1831–1865). Edward had married Victoire when an heir to the throne was needed after the death of Princess Charlotte, who had been married to Prince Leopold.  Edward died in 1820, just before his father did.  Victoire became the guardian of Alexandrina Victoria, as designated in Edwards will. When George IV became king (r. 1821–1830),  his dislike for Victoire helped isolate the mother and daughter from the rest of the court.  Prince Leopold helped his sister and niece financially. Heiress In 1830 and at the age of 11, Victoria became heir-apparent to the British crown on the death of her uncle George IV, at which point the parliament granted her income.  Her uncle William IV (1765–1837, r. 1830–1837) became king. Victoria remained relatively isolated, without any real friends, though she had many servants and teachers and a succession of pet dogs.  A tutor, Louise Lehzen (1784–1817), tried to teach Victoria the kind of discipline that Queen Elizabeth I had displayed. She was tutored in politics by her uncle Leopold. When Victoria turned 18, her uncle King William IV offered her a separate income and household, but Victorias mother refused. Victoria attended a ball in her honor and was greeted by crowds in the streets. Queen When William IV died childless a month later, Victoria became Queen of Great Britain and was crowned June, 20, 1837. Victoria began to exclude her mother from her inner circle. The first crisis of her reign came when rumors circulated that one of her mothers ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora, was pregnant by her mothers adviser, John Conroy.  Lady Flora died of a liver tumor, but opponents at court used the rumors to make the new queen seem less innocent. Queen Victoria tested the limits of her royal powers in May 1839, when the government of Lord Melbourne (William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, 1779–1848), a Whig who had been her mentor and friend, fell. She refused to follow established precedent and dismiss her ladies of the bedchamber so that the Tory government could replace them.  In the bedchamber crisis she had the support of Melbourne.  Her refusal brought back the Whigs and Lord Melbourne until 1841. Marriage Neither Victoria nor her advisers favored the idea of an unmarried queen, despite or because of the example of Elizabeth I (1533–1603, r. 1558–1603).  A husband for Victoria would have to be royal and Protestant, as well as an appropriate age, which narrowed the field. Prince Leopold had been promoting her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819–1861)  for many years. They had first met when both were 17 and had corresponded ever since. When they were 20, he returned to England and Victoria, in love with him, proposed marriage. They were married on Feb. 10, 1840. Victoria had traditional views on the role of wife and mother, and although she was queen and Albert was prince consort, he shared government responsibilities at least equally. They fought often, sometimes with Victoria shouting angrily. Motherhood Their first child, a daughter, was born in November 1840, followed by the Prince of Wales, Edward, in 1841. Three more sons and four more daughters followed.  All nine pregnancies ended with live births and all the children survived to adulthood, an unusual record for that time.  Although Victoria had been nursed by her own mother, she used wet-nurses for her children. Though the family could have lived at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, or the Brighton Pavilion, they worked to create homes more appropriate for a family.  Albert was key in  designing their residences at Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. The family traveled to several places, including Scotland, France and Belgium.  Victoria became especially fond of Scotland and Balmoral. Government Role When Melbournes government failed again in 1841, he helped with the transition to the new government to avoid another embarrassing crisis. Victoria had a more limited role under Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (1788–1850), with Albert taking a lead for the next 20 years of dual monarchy.  Albert guided Victoria to an appearance of political neutrality, though she didnt become any fonder of Peel. Instead, she became involved with establishing charities. European sovereigns visited her at home, and she and Albert visited Germany, including Coburg and Berlin.  She began to feel herself part of a larger network of monarchs.  Albert and Victoria used their relationship to become more active in foreign affairs, which conflicted with the ideas of the foreign minister, Lord Palmerston (Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, 1784–1865).  He didnt appreciate their involvement, and Victoria and Albert often thought his ideas too liberal and aggressive. Albert worked on a plan for a Great Exhibition, with a Crystal Palace in Hyde Park. Public appreciation for this construction completed in 1851 finally led to a warming of the British citizens toward their queens consort. Wars In the mid-1850s, the Crimean War (1853–1856) engrossed Victorias attention; she rewarded Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) for her service in helping protect and heal soldiers. Victorias concern for the wounded and sick led to her founding Royal Victoria Hospital in 1873.  As a result of the war, Victoria grew closer to the French emperor Napoleon III and his empress Eugà ©nie.  Napoleon III (1808–1873) was president of France from 1848–1852, and when he was not reelected, seized power and ruled as an emperor from 1852–1870. The unsuccessful revolt of Indian infantrymen in the army of the East India Company known as the Mutiny of the Sepoys (1857–1858) shocked Victoria. This and subsequent events led to British direct rule over India and Victorias new title as empress of India on May 1, 1876. Family In family matters, Victoria became disappointed with her eldest son, Albert Edward, prince of Wales, heir presumptive. The eldest three children—Victoria, Bertie, and Alice—received better educations than their younger siblings did, as they were most likely to inherit the crown. Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal Victoria werent as close as Victoria was to several of the younger children; the princess was closer to her father.  Albert won his way in marrying the princess to Frederick William, son of the prince and princess of Prussia. The young prince proposed when Princess Victoria was only 14. The queen urged delay in marriage to be sure that the princess was truly in love, and when she assured herself and her parents that she was, the two were formally engaged. Albert had never been named prince consort by parliament. Attempts in 1854 and 1856 to do so failed. Finally in 1857, Victoria conferred the title herself. In 1858, Princess Victoria was married to the Prussian prince.  Victoria and her daughter, known as Vicky, exchanged many letters as Victoria attempted to influence her daughter and son-in-law.   Mourning A series of deaths among Victorias relatives kept her in mourning starting in 1861. First, the king of Prussia died, making Vicky and her husband Frederick crown princess and prince. In March, Victorias mother died and Victoria collapsed, having reconciled with her mother during her marriage.  Several more deaths in the family followed, and then came a scandal with the prince of Wales.  In the middle of negotiating his marriage with Alexandra of Denmark, it was revealed that he was having an affair with an actress. Then Prince Alberts health failed.  He caught a cold and couldnt shake it. Perhaps weakened already by cancer, he developed what may have been typhoid fever and died on Dec. 14, 1861.  His death devastated Victoria; her prolonged mourning lost her much popularity. Death Eventually coming out of seclusion in February 1872, Victoria maintained an active role in government by building many memorials to her late husband. She died on January 22, 1901. Legacy Her reign was marked by waxing and waning popularity, and suspicions that she preferred the Germans a bit too much diminished her popularity. By the time she had assumed the throne, the British monarchy was more figurehead and influence than it was a direct power in the government, and her long reign did little to change that. Queen Victorias influence on British and world affairs, even if often was a figurehead, led to the naming of the Victorian Era for her.  She saw the largest extent of the British empire and the tensions within it.  Her relationship with her son, keeping him from any shared power, probably weakened the royal rule in future generations, and the failure of her daughter and son-in-law in Germany to have time to actualize their liberal ideas probably shifted the balance of European history. The marriage of her daughters into other royal families and the likelihood that her children bore a mutant gene for hemophilia affected the following generations of European history. Sources Baird, Julia. Victoria the Queen: An Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire. New York: Random House, 2016.Hibbert, Christopher. Queen Victoria: A Personal History. New York: Harper-Collins, 2010.Hough, Richard. Victoria and Albert. New York: St. Martins Press, 1996.Rappaport, Helen. Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2003.

Christian Symbolism in Beowulf Essay - 1592 Words

Christian symbolism in Beowulf within the poem Beowulf, the poet utilizes the Christian religion to symbolize the elements of good and evil and Heaven and Hell. Beowulf is the oldest known English epic poem. The manuscripts date back to about 1000 A.D., when two scribes wrote it down for posterity. The poem was handed down from the Anglo-Saxon period, and through the retelling of the poem, it changed a little each time. The poem creates an oral depiction of an epic hero who strived to fight against the forces of evil. There really was a â€Å"historical† Beowulf who helped the Geats and Danes fight off pirates, but he was neither King of the Geats nor Danish hero at any time. In fact, he was not considered a man of any extraordinary qualities,†¦show more content†¦The poet tells about â€Å"The Almighty making of the earth, shaping beautiful plains, marked off by oceans, then proudly setting the sun and moon to glow across the land and light it† (7-10). In the Bible, Genesis 1:1 reads, â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.† Immediately following this passage, it goes on to explain the history of Creation. Included in this description is how God made light and dark, land and ocean, plant and animal, and finally the ultimate creation, man. God gave the gift of free will to all of His children. Beowulf relies on God’s will and his own strength in his three battles. Beowulf’s first battle is against the evil monster, Grendel. â€Å"Beowulf trusts in his own strength as much as in God’s grace in his battle† (Chickering 272). After his first battle, â€Å"A pang of mortality strikes Beowulf as he looks back at the splendid neck-ring he has been given by Hrothgar as part of his reward for victory over Grendel†(Price 25). Beowulf was showing humility because he knows that he is human and could have been killed. The Bible speaks about humility in numerous books. For example, 1 Peter 5:5 says that â€Å"God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble.† Nearing death, Grendel realizes that he â€Å"once the afflicter of men, tormentor of their days—[knew] what it meant to feud with the Almighty God† (Beowulf 490-492). This passage shows GrendelShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Christianism In Beowulf843 Words   |  4 PagesWritten by an anonymous Christian monk circa A.D. 700, Beowulf is considered the mother poem of England. The tale is based in Sweden, as well as the small Danish island of Zealand. The poem follows the title character, Beowulf, in his battles with various monsters. Beowulf comes to the aid of Hrothgar to defeat the monster Grendel that had been terrorizing Herot Hall for twelve years. Beowulf also defeats Grendel’s mother at the bottom of the lake, in what is referred to as the ‘battle hall’. FiftyRead MoreChristian Allegory in Beowulf1027 Words   |  4 PagesThe Anglo-Saxon poem â€Å"Beowulf† takes the reader back into a time long past; one of family, fate, and fealty. Beowulf offers a gli mpse of a society struggling between two different paths, one path being the assimilation into the new Christian traditions and the other is the fast fading past of glorified warriors and family ties. In the poem, the reader can see the attempts of the poet to convey the values and stories of Judeo-Christianity in a society of Anglo-Saxon paganism. The poet illustratesRead MoreChristianity And Paganism In Beowulf1005 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever wanted to have super strength? Have you ever wanted to be a savior? Well, that is every day for one epic hero named Beowulf. Beowulf is an epic poem about good versus evil written by an anonymous Christian monk. Paganism was the Geats first religion, and once Christianity became introduced, the religion slowly shifted from paganism to Christianity. Beowulf has successfully exhibited the transition from paganism to Christianity. The epic poem has a shift from Christianity to paganismRead MoreThe Merging of Cultures in Beowulf 1410 Wo rds   |  6 PagesThe story of Beowulf represents the merging of two cultural belief systems: paganism and Christianity. Historically, the Anglo-Saxon culture was based upon pagan practices- idolatry, worship of many Gods and a specific warrior’s code of conduct. Beowulf was born of this culture as a legend passed down through centuries by oral tradition until shortly after their conversion to Christianity. It was finally preserved in written form by an obviously Christian author in an attempt to unify the two beliefRead MorePropaganda In Beowulf1007 Words   |  5 PagesIs Beowulf a work of Christian propaganda? Yes and no! Propaganda is defined as â€Å"any systematic, widespread dissemination or promotion of particular ideas, doctrines, practices, etc. to further ones cause or to damage an opposing one.† An unethical attempt to persuade people to advance their own goals, motives, and perception towards others so that they can alter the Journey of Beowulf and the positive light he brings upon society against evil. Beowulf contains many Christian references throughoutRead MoreEssay about Beowulf as a Messianic Narrative1027 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf as a messianic narrative has been a subject of great controversy. Given the time period, ‘Christianity’ was not completely established, and it was entwined with cultural paganism, as seen woven throughout the text. The definition of a messianic narrative (containing the ultimate messianic figure) is found in Isaiah 53, a prophecy spoken by God through the Hebrew prophet Isaiah. This is the standard to which Beowulf mu st be compared to determination the nature of the poem. Many scholars suchRead MoreBeowulf Is Not Your Average Viking Warrior1498 Words   |  6 Pagesdealing harm by penetrating your foe make it the ultimate allusion to the male anatomy. However, in this battle between Grendel’s mother and Beowulf, our hero’s sword cannot seem to perform its intended function. This failed display of masculinity by Beowulf is only one of many that suggest that he is not your average Viking warrior. The Beowulf poet in, Beowulf, challenges the idea of a womanizing manly Viking warrior with a protagonist who exhibits displays of gender non-conformity, emasculatingRead MoreBack Before Written History Monster Stories Were Passed1248 Words   |  5 Pageshundreds of thousands of stories where monsters are exhibited throughout history. These monsters are just made up to scare or entertain people, the best kinds of monsters in stories are those that have hidden symbolism. The Epic of Gil gamesh and Beowulf, are two stories where there is heavy symbolism associated with the monsters. Both characters form relationships with the supernatural throughout their journeys. The monsters Gilgamesh faces act as distraction on his spiritual journey, while Beowulf’sRead MoreBeowulf And The Epic s Christian Identity896 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf and the Epic’s Christian Identity Composed in early eighth century by an unknown author the epic poem Beowulf, follows the exploits of the protagonist of the same name. Originally composed orally by a tribe’s scop, the epic of Beowulf delivers insight on the lives and adventures of characters that lived in the sixth century. Although, the tale of Beowulf was formulated during post Roman collapse by presumably pagan people; written around seven hundred A.D., it is probable that a ChristianRead MoreHow Christianity and Paganism Coexisted in Beowulf Essay634 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf is a great example of how Christian beliefs and pagan views could coexists so well in a poem. The poem Beowulf written by an unknown Christian monk around A.D. 700 compares the beliefs of many to the new beliefs that are beginning to form around the world. The poem shows how the people of the time thought about their world and how the things around them happened and they think that the devil controls these things.In Beowulf, we e xplore both Christian and pagan beliefs, and how they were able

Introduction to Human Behavior in Organization Free Essays

string(34) " system was demeaning to workers\." Introduction to Organizational Behavior People have a variety of needs. Irrespective of one’s status, age, and achievements, one would still have some unfulfilled needs. In order to satisfy their unfulfilled needs more effectively, people have learned to organize themselves into groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Human Behavior in Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The process of organizing facilitates an organization in its specialization efforts. It helps the employees to develop specialized skills and enhances the productivity and efficient functioning of the organization. The organizational system consists of social, technical and economic elements which coordinate human and material resources to achieve various organizational objectives. Some of the objectives of an organization may be: †¢ To maximize profits †¢ To produce goods and services of good quality †¢ To compete with other players in the industry †¢ To ensure welfare of its employees †¢ To make efficient use of resources and achieve growth Human behavior in organizations is as complex as the social system itself. People differ from each other in their needs and values, which can be understood better with the help of behavioral science. Behavioral science considers the influence of various elements (social, economic and technical systems) of the complex external environment on people’s behavior. It improves people’s understanding of interpersonal skills and so also their ability to work together as a team to achieve organizational goals effectively. Organizational Behavior Defined Organizational behavior is the system of culture, leadership, communication and group dynamics that determines an organization’s actions. According to Keith Davis, â€Å"it is the study and application of knowledge about how people act within an organization. Key Forces Affecting Organizational Behavior Elements of Organizational Behavior How people behave in an organization under a given situation is the concern of organizational behavior. People join an organization to achieve certain objectives. The efforts of the people are co-ordinate by the structure of authority-responsibility relationships. People use some tec hnology to produce goods and services to achieve their goals. We can call people, structure and technology as the internal organizational elements. These elements interact with the external environment and are influenced by it. The study of organizational behavior, thus, involves four key elements; people, structure, technology and the environment in which the organization operates. 1) People: People make up the internal social system of the organization. That system consists of individuals and groups, and large groups as well as small ones. There are unofficial, informal groups and more official, formal ones. Groups are dynamic. We must remember that organizations exist to serve people, rather than people existing to serve organization. The human organization of today is not the same as it was yesterday, or the day before. In particular, the workforce has become richly diverse, which means that employees bring a wide array of educational backgrounds, talents, and perspectives to their jobs. Managers need to be tuned into these diverse patterns and trends, and to be prepared to adapt to them. 2) Structure: Structure defines the roles and relationships of people in an organization. Different people in the organization are given different roles and they have certain relationships with others. Organization structure leads to division of work so that people can perform their duties to accomplish the organization goals. Under the structure, different duties are to be performed by different people. Some may be managers others may be supervisors, clerks, peons or workers. All are related to each other to accomplish the goals in a co-coordinated manner. The structure relates to authority-responsibility relationships. 3) Technology: Technology provides the resources with which people work and affects the tasks that they perform. They cannot accomplish much with their hands, so they build building, design machines, create work processes, and assemble resources. The technology used has a significant influence on working relationships. The great benefit of technology is that it allows people to do more and better work, but it also restricts people in various ways. It has costs as well as benefits. 4) Environment: All organizations operate within an internal and external environment. A single organization does not exist alone. It is part of a large system that contains many other elements such as government the family, and other organizations. Numerous changes in the environment create demands on organizations. Individual organizations, such as a factory or a school, cannot escape being influenced by this external environment. It influences the attitudes of people, affects working conditions, and provides competition for resources and power. It must be considered in the study of human behavior in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Administration The constituents of an organization are in one way or another affected by the nature of the behavioral quality of life therein and is, therefore, concerned with improving organizational behavior. Managers and supervisors are burdened with the responsibility of harnessing organizational behavior to improve people-organization relationships while the executives must attempt to create an atmosphere in the organization that will motivate employees to work effectively in harmony and in coordination with their co-workers. People find their work pleasurable whenever there’s cooperation, teamwork and understanding among themselves. The effective and successful application of human behavior paves the way for the realization of human, organizational and social objectives. Historical Development of Organizational Behavior Though human relationships have existed since time immemorial, the branch of knowledge dealing with them is relatively recent. Prior to the industrial revolution, people worked in small groups and had simple work relationships. They were, however, subjected to unhealthy working conditions and scarcity of resources, so they hardly had any job satisfaction. During the early stages of the industrial revolution, the conditions of workers showed no signs of improvement. But as increased industrial activity led to greater supply of goods, wages, working conditions, and level of job satisfaction gradually improved. ROBERT OWEN Robert Owen was a Welsh entrepreneur who bought his first factory in 1789, at the age of 18. He is important in the history of OB because he was one of the first industrialists to recognize how that growing factory system was demeaning to workers. You read "Introduction to Human Behavior in Organization" in category "Papers" Repulsed by the harsh practices he saw in factories such as the employment of young children (many under the age of 10 with 13- hour workdays, and miserable working conditions. Owen became a reformer. He chided factory owners for treating their equipment better than their employees He criticized them for buying the best machines but then employing the cheapest labor to run them. Owen argued that money spent on improving labor was one of the best investments that business executives could make . He claimed that showing concern for employees both was profitable for management and would relieve human misery. For his time, Owen was an idealist. What he proposed was a utopian workplace that would reduce the sufferings of the working class. He was more than a hundred years ahead of his time when he argued, in 1852, for regulated hours of work for all, child labor laws, public education, company-furnished meals at work, and business involvement in community projects. The history which has become a past now shows how each management wizard contributed towards welfare of employees, their working conditions and hence eventually increasing the productivity. ANDREW URE Ure provided academic training at Anderson’s College in Glasgow for managers in the early factory system. He published a text in 1835 that dealt mainly with the technical problems of manufacturing in the textile industry, but also dealt with problems of managing. Obviously pro-management, Ure advocated an â€Å"automatic plan† to provide harmony and to keep any individual worker from stopping production. He was a defender of the factory system and believed workers must recognize the benefits of mechanization and not resist its introduction. FREDERICK TAYLOR Probably the most famous management pioneer of all is Frederick W. Taylor (1856–1915), the father of scientific management. Taylor rose from common laborer to chief engineer in six years, and completed a home study course to earn a degree in mechanical engineering in 1883. In trying to overcome soldiering by the workers, Taylor began a scientific study of what workers ought to be able to produce. This study led to the beginnings of scientific management. Taylor used time studies to break tasks down into elementary movements, and designed complementary piece-rate incentive systems. Taylor believed management’s responsibility was in knowing what you want workers to do and then seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way. He developed many new concepts such as functional authority. In other words, Taylor proposed that all authority was based on knowledge, not position. He wrote Shop Management in 1903, became the president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1906, and was a widely traveled lecturer, lecturing at Harvard from 1909 to 1914. In 1911, Taylor published Principles of Scientific Management in 1911. Its contents would become widely accepted by managers worldwide. The book described the theory of scientific management. Scientific management was defined as methods aimed at determining the one best way for a job to be done. During this same period organized labor waged an all-out war on Taylorism resulting in a congressional investigation. In February of 1912, however, the committee reported finding no evidence to support abuses of workers or any need for remedial legislation. Taylor did not neglect the human side of work, as often suggested. He simply emphasized the individual worker not the group. Taylor called for a revolution that would fuse the interests of labor and management into a mutually rewarding whole. ELTON MAYO AND THE HAWTHORNE STUDIES Elton Mayo (1880–1949) joined the Harvard faculty in 1926 as associate professor of industrial research, and two years later was asked to work with Western Electric, as part of the Harvard research group, to continue the Hawthorne studies. Mayo was intrigued by the initial results of the early illumination studies that showed output had increased upon changes in illumination—either brighter or darker—but no one knew why. Mayo believed the increased output came from a change in mental attitude in the group as the workers developed into a social unit. Other experiments included the piecework experiment, the interviewing program, and the bank wiring room experiments. From these experiments the Mayoists concluded that employees have social needs as well as physical needs, and managers need a mix of managerial skills that include human relations skills. Organizational behavior is also heavily influenced by sociology in its study of group behavior, organization structure, diversity, and culture. In addition, the insights of cultural anthropologists contribute to an understanding of organizational culture (the values and customs of a firm). In recent years, several companies have hired anthropologists to help them cultivate the right organizational culture. Organizational behavior also gains insights from political science toward understanding the distribution of power in organizations. Contribution of other Social Sciences Psychology Psychology is the study of individual behavior within the organization. Psychological theories have helped us explain and predict individual behavior. Relationship with Organizational Behavior If one wants to improve the behavior of an individual we have to look into the psychological needs of an individual. So the knowledge of psychology can really help in improving and modifying the behavior of individual. If the psychological needs are fulfilled, it gives satisfaction to people and also give peace of mind, which can improve the ability of an organization. Many of the theories dealing with personality, attitude, learning, motivation, and stress have been applied in Organizational Behavior to understand work-related phenomena such as job satisfaction, commitment, absenteeism, turnover, and worker well-being. Elements of Psychology’s contribution to Organizational Behavior include: Learning This are of contribution became a significant element to Organizational Behavior studies when scientists attempted to identify how people would learn new skills within the workplace and how different learning styles would have to address for employees. Motivation In order to optimize the performance of members within any organization it is necessary to understand the individual characteristics of such members and by attempting to fulfill their individual’s needs creates a pattern in which to bring out the best in their efforts. Personality Psychology’s research in personality contributes to Organizational Behavior ability to assess individual attitudes and tie them to an organization or workgroup. This can certainly be a key to identifying elements related to motivation and other interpersonal dynamics. Attitude Measurement Psychology’s statistical work has provided much input related to Organizational Behavior as it relates to member’s attitudes. How an organization is to manage, reward, and create policy should include the mindsets of its members and align to organizational objectives. Work Stress How a person reacts to his/her environment and perception of that environment is deeply affected by the perspective they hold and how they think. Stress being a potential positive negative aspect of organizations certainly has a role in the study of OB. Job Satisfaction Certain key metrics relating to an organization’s effectiveness include job satisfaction of its members. How an organization provides an environment and opportunity to bring out the best in its employees is certainly its ability to explore the psychology of this work force. Sociology Sociology is defined â€Å"as the study of people in relation to their social environment or culture† (Robbins, Judge, 2007). The impact that sociology has on Organizational Behavior is significant as organizations at their nature are formations that hold both a social environment and culture. Sociologists, studying the structure and function of small groups within a society have contributed greatly to a more complete understanding of behavior within organizations. Taking their cue from Sociologists, scholars in the field of Organizational Behavior have studied the effects of the structure and function of work organization on the behavior of groups, as well as the individuals within those groups. Elements of Sociology’s Contribution to Organizational Behavior include: Communication The means and manner in which an organization’s member’s exchange information and the effectives of such exchange is highly necessary for the effective organization. Sociology’s contribution towards this dynamic of organizations is valuable in order to optimize the process and improve its accuracy. Power As shared with Anthropology, the study of power, its presence, and influence within the organization has within it a substantial role within the organization. In order to best analyze and assess an organization, the role of power and authority and its influences is necessary. Conflict As a natural by-product of any organization, conflict and its study are necessary in order to identify and map the process of improvement within an organization as well as predict potential calamity. The study of conflict and its origins will be necessary to identify the sources and solutions within the organization. Intergroup Behavior With teaming being a critical next step for many organizations, the role of intergroup behavior will have increased necessity. The ability to study the dynamics of a group and their exchanges can better help the Organizational Behavior practitioner in facilitate the formation of groups within the organization for organization benefit. Political Science Help to understand how difference in preferences and interest lead to conflict and power struggle between groups within organization. It is also involves the study of individual and group behavior within a particular political environment. It has made significant contribution in the areas of structuring of conflict allocation of power, politics within the organization and the overall administrative process. Political science has contributed immensely in developing a general theory of human behavior at work. Various disciplines tend to study very specific and narrow aspects of human behavior, resulting in fragmentation of knowledge. Behavioral science must attempt to integrate the concepts and principles from all the disciplines to make a comprehensive study of human behavior. Anthropology Anthropology involves the study of mankind, especially of its origin, development, customs and beliefs. The work of anthropologists has provided insights into the basic differences in values, attitudes and behavior of people from different countries and in different organizations. It helps to understand how culture and belief system develop. Culture is the conventionalized behavior of society which influences a person’s behavior it changes slowly, giving stability and security to society. The culture of every individual has its effects on on-the-job performance. To understand an employee’s behavior, an understanding of the culture in which he lives must have to be established. People’s exposure and contacts in churches, schools, homes, stones, as well as to the other activities they do cause them to develop a set of basic values, which are so engrained in them that they become very difficult to change. They influence his aspirations, attitude towards with his supervisors and co-worker. How to cite Introduction to Human Behavior in Organization, Papers